PMID- 37239204
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20230530
IS  - 2076-3425 (Print)
IS  - 2076-3425 (Electronic)
IS  - 2076-3425 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 5
DP  - 2023 Apr 27
TI  - Immunological Imbalances Associated with Epileptic Seizures in Type 2 Diabetes 
      Mellitus.
LID - 10.3390/brainsci13050732 [doi]
LID - 732
AB  - PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health burden 
      that leads to an increased morbidity and mortality rate arising from 
      microvascular and macrovascular complications. Epilepsy leads to complications 
      that cause psychological and physical distress to patients and carers. Although 
      these conditions are characterized by inflammation, there seems to be a lack of 
      studies that have evaluated inflammatory markers in the presence of both 
      conditions (T2DM and epilepsy), especially in low-middle-income countries where 
      T2DM is epidemic. Summary findings: In this review, we describe the role of 
      immunity in the seizure generation of T2DM. Current evidence shows an increase in 
      the levels of biomarkers such as interleukin (IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8), tumour 
      necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), and toll-like 
      receptors (TLRs) in epileptic seizures and T2DM. However, there is limited 
      evidence to show a correlation between inflammatory markers in the central and 
      peripheral levels of epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the pathophysiological 
      mechanism behind epileptic seizures in T2DM through an investigation of 
      immunological imbalances might improve diagnosis and further counter the risks of 
      developing complications. This might also assist in delivering safe and effective 
      therapies to T2DM patients affected, thus reducing morbidity and mortality by 
      preventing or reducing associated complications. Moreover, this review also 
      provides an overview approach on inflammatory cytokines that can be targeted when 
      developing alternative therapies, in case these conditions coexist.
FAU - Phoswa, Wendy N
AU  - Phoswa WN
AD  - Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), 
      Science Campus, Private Bag X6, Florida, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa.
FAU - Mokgalaboni, Kabelo
AU  - Mokgalaboni K
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3224-7433
AD  - Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), 
      Science Campus, Private Bag X6, Florida, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20230427
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Brain Sci
JT  - Brain sciences
JID - 101598646
PMC - PMC10216299
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - diabetes mellitus
OT  - epilepsy
OT  - immunology
OT  - inflammasomes
OT  - type 2 diabetes mellitus
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2023/05/27 09:42
MHDA- 2023/05/27 09:43
PMCR- 2023/04/27
CRDT- 2023/05/27 01:10
PHST- 2023/03/27 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/04/24 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/04/26 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/05/27 09:43 [medline]
PHST- 2023/05/27 09:42 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/05/27 01:10 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/04/27 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - brainsci13050732 [pii]
AID - brainsci-13-00732 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/brainsci13050732 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Brain Sci. 2023 Apr 27;13(5):732. doi: 10.3390/brainsci13050732.