PMID- 37262022
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230605
LR  - 20230620
IS  - 1932-6203 (Electronic)
IS  - 1932-6203 (Linking)
VI  - 18
IP  - 6
DP  - 2023
TI  - Trends in prevalence and determinants of severe and moderate anaemia among women 
      of reproductive age during the last 15 years in India.
PG  - e0286464
LID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0286464 [doi]
LID - e0286464
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anaemia is a serious global public health problem that 
      disproportionally affects children, adolescent girls, and women of reproductive 
      age, especially pregnant women. Women of reproductive age are more vulnerable to 
      anaemia, particularly severe and moderate anaemia leads to adverse outcomes among 
      pregnant women. Despite continuous Government efforts, anaemia burden still poses 
      a serious challenge in India. The objective of this study is to assess the trends 
      in prevalence and determinants of severe and moderate anaemia among women of 
      reproductive age between 15 and 49 years. METHOD: We used three rounds of the 
      large-scale National Family Health Survey (NFHS) India, conducted on a 
      representative sample of households using a cross-sectional design across the 
      country in 2005-06, 2015-16 and 2019-2021. We included all the women aged 15 to 
      49 years in our analysis. We used the same haemoglobin (Hb) cut-off values for 
      all the three rounds of surveys to ensure comparability. Generalized linear 
      regression analyses with log link were done. Survey weights were incorporated in 
      the analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of severe or moderate Anaemia (SMA) in 
      non-pregnant women was 14.20%, 12.43% and 13.98%; it was 31.11%, 25.98% and 
      26.66% for pregnant women in 2006, 2016 and 2021 respectively. The decline in SMA 
      prevalence was 1.54% in non-pregnant women, whereas it was 14.30% in pregnant 
      women in 15 years. Women who were poor, and without any formal education had a 
      higher risk for severe and moderate Anaemia. CONCLUSION: Despite the intensive 
      anaemia control program in India, SMA has not declined appreciably in 
      non-pregnant women during the last two decades. Despite the decline, the 
      prevalence of SMA was about 26% in pregnant women which calls for a comprehensive 
      review of the existing anaemia control programmes and there must be targeted 
      programmes for the most vulnerable and high-risk women such as rural, poor and 
      illiterate women of reproductive age to reduce the burden of anaemia among them.
CI  - Copyright: (c) 2023 Sappani et al. This is an open access article distributed under 
      the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted 
      use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author 
      and source are credited.
FAU - Sappani, Marimuthu
AU  - Sappani M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8473-4241
AD  - Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 
      India.
FAU - Mani, Thenmozhi
AU  - Mani T
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3932-5625
AD  - Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 
      India.
FAU - Asirvatham, Edwin Sam
AU  - Asirvatham ES
AD  - Health Systems Research India Initiative (HSRII), Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
FAU - Joy, Melvin
AU  - Joy M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9323-994X
AD  - Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, 
      Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
FAU - Babu, Malavika
AU  - Babu M
AD  - Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 
      India.
AD  - Centre for Trials Research, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff 
      University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
FAU - Jeyaseelan, Lakshmanan
AU  - Jeyaseelan L
AD  - Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare 
      City, Dubai, UAE.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20230601
PL  - United States
TA  - PLoS One
JT  - PloS one
JID - 101285081
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Child
MH  - Humans
MH  - Female
MH  - Young Adult
MH  - Adult
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Prevalence
MH  - Cross-Sectional Studies
MH  - Risk Factors
MH  - *Anemia/epidemiology
MH  - India/epidemiology
PMC - PMC10234534
COIS- The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2023/06/01 23:42
MHDA- 2023/06/05 06:42
PMCR- 2023/06/01
CRDT- 2023/06/01 13:32
PHST- 2022/10/26 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/05/16 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/06/05 06:42 [medline]
PHST- 2023/06/01 23:42 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/06/01 13:32 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/06/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - PONE-D-22-29557 [pii]
AID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0286464 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - PLoS One. 2023 Jun 1;18(6):e0286464. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286464. 
      eCollection 2023.