PMID- 37334037
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20230620
IS  - 2424-8002 (Electronic)
IS  - 2424-7723 (Print)
IS  - 2424-8002 (Linking)
VI  - 9
IP  - 4
DP  - 2023
TI  - Metrological characterization of porosity graded beta-Ti21S triply periodic minimal 
      surface cellular structure manufactured by laser powder bed fusion.
PG  - 729
LID - 10.18063/ijb.729 [doi]
LID - 729
AB  - The design of a functionally graded porous structure (FGPS) for use in prosthetic 
      devices is crucial for meeting both mechanical and biological requirements. One 
      of the most commonly used cellular structures in FGPS is the triply periodic 
      minimal surface (TPMS) structure due to its ability to be defined by implicit 
      equations, which allows for smooth transitions between layers. This study 
      evaluates the feasibility of using a novel beta-Ti21S alloy to fabricate TPMS-based 
      FGPS. This beta titanium alloy exhibits low elastic modulus (53 GPa) and good 
      mechanical properties in as-built condition. Two TPMS FGPSs with relative density 
      gradients of 0.17, 0.34, 0.50, 0.66, and 0.83 and unit cell sizes of 2.5 mm and 4 
      mm were designed and fabricated using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The 
      as-manufactured structures were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 
      and X-ray micro-computed tomography (mu-CT), and the results were compared to the 
      design. The analysis revealed that the pore size and ligament thickness were 
      undersized by less than 5%. Compression tests showed that the stabilized elastic 
      modulus was 4.1 GPa for the TPMS with a 2.5 mm unit cell size and 10.7 GPa for 
      the TPMS with a 4 mm unit cell size. A finite element simulation was performed to 
      predict the specimen's elastic properties, and a lumped model based on lattice 
      homogenized properties was proposed and its limitations were explored.
CI  - Copyright: (c) 2023, Emanuelli L, De Biasi R, du Plessis A, et al.
FAU - Emanuelli, Lorena
AU  - Emanuelli L
AD  - INSTM (Operative center: University of Trento), Trento, 38123, Italy.
FAU - De Biasi, Raffaele
AU  - De Biasi R
AD  - Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
FAU - Fu, Huijuan
AU  - Fu H
AD  - INSTM (Operative center: University of Trento), Trento, 38123, Italy.
FAU - du Plessis, Anton
AU  - du Plessis A
AD  - Research Group 3D Innovation, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South 
      Africa.
AD  - Object Research Systems, Montreal, Canada.
FAU - Lora, Carlo
AU  - Lora C
AD  - SISMA SpA, Piovene Rocchette, Vicenza, Italy.
FAU - Jam, Alireza
AU  - Jam A
AD  - Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
FAU - Benedetti, Matteo
AU  - Benedetti M
AD  - Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
FAU - Pellizzari, Massimo
AU  - Pellizzari M
AD  - Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230407
PL  - Singapore
TA  - Int J Bioprint
JT  - International journal of bioprinting
JID - 101709763
PMC - PMC10272211
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Additive manufacturing
OT  - Functionally graded porous structures
OT  - Laser powder bed fusion
OT  - Metrological characterization
OT  - Skeletal-based triply periodic minimal surface structure
OT  - Ti-21S
COIS- The authors declare that they have no known financial interests or personal 
      relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this 
      paper. Alireza Jam is currently with the National Center for Additive 
      Manufacturing Excellence (NCAME) at Auburn University.
EDAT- 2023/06/19 06:41
MHDA- 2023/06/19 06:42
PMCR- 2023/04/07
CRDT- 2023/06/19 03:00
PHST- 2023/01/09 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/02/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/06/19 06:42 [medline]
PHST- 2023/06/19 06:41 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/06/19 03:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/04/07 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - IJB-9-4-729 [pii]
AID - 10.18063/ijb.729 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Bioprint. 2023 Apr 7;9(4):729. doi: 10.18063/ijb.729. eCollection 2023.