PMID- 37347194
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230727
LR  - 20230728
IS  - 1098-5336 (Electronic)
IS  - 0099-2240 (Print)
IS  - 0099-2240 (Linking)
VI  - 89
IP  - 7
DP  - 2023 Jul 26
TI  - Efficacy of Peracetic Acid and Sodium Hypochlorite against SARS-CoV-2 on 
      Contaminated Surfaces.
PG  - e0062223
LID - 10.1128/aem.00622-23 [doi]
LID - e00622-23
AB  - SARS-CoV-2 is primarily a respiratory virus that can potentially be transmitted 
      through fomites. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and peracetic acid (PAA) are widely 
      used disinfectants on surfaces in diverse settings such as hospitals and food 
      production facilities. The objectives of this study were to investigate the 
      virucidal efficacy of NaOCl and PAA against SARS-CoV-2 using the ASTM standard 
      methods. In the suspension assay, NaOCl and PAA (5, 50, and 200 ppm) were tested 
      against SARS-CoV-2 in the presence/absence of soil load after 1 min of contact 
      time. In the carrier assay, NaOCl and PAA were tested at 200, 400, 600, and 
      1,000 ppm for 1 min and 200 and 1,000 ppm for 5 and 10 min. Stainless steel (SS) 
      and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) disks were used as carriers. The virus was 
      suspended in soil load and the disinfectants were prepared in 300 ppm of hard 
      water. Virus quantification was done by TCID50 assay using Vero-E6 cell line. 
      NaOCl and PAA were effective (> 3 log reduction in infectious virus) at 50 ppm in 
      the absence of soil load. However, in the presence of soil load, 200 ppm was 
      required for > 3 log reduction in virus infectivity. In contrast, NaOCl and PAA 
      at 200 ppm and with a 1-min contact time were not effective against SARS-CoV-2 on 
      either SS or HDPE surfaces. PAA at 200 ppm for 10 min was effective against 
      SARS-CoV-2 on SS and HDPE surfaces, whereas NaOCl required 1,000 ppm for 10 min 
      to be effective against SARS-CoV-2 on both surfaces. IMPORTANCE In the context of 
      the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the use of 
      chlorine-based products such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at 1,000 ppm for a 
      minimum of 1 min to disinfect environmental surfaces. However, this 
      recommendation was not based on validated studies on the actual SARS-CoV-2 
      itself. In fact, over half of the chemical disinfectants, including many 
      peracetic acid products, listed in EPA List N were approved based on "kills a 
      harder-to-kill pathogen" without further validation on SARS-CoV-2. Research on 
      SARS-CoV-2 is restricted to BSL3 laboratories and the urgency of tackling the 
      pandemic might explain the lack of studies on the actual virus. Our results show 
      that the WHO recommendation of 1 min contact time with 1,000 ppm NaOCl is not 
      effective against SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces. Also, our results indicate that PAA is 
      effective against SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces and can be used as safer and more 
      environmentally friendly alternative to NaOCl at a lower concentration.
FAU - Morris, J N
AU  - Morris JN
AD  - Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of 
      Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, USA.
FAU - Esseili, M A
AU  - Esseili MA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1024-0468
AD  - Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of 
      Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20230622
PL  - United States
TA  - Appl Environ Microbiol
JT  - Applied and environmental microbiology
JID - 7605801
RN  - DY38VHM5OD (Sodium Hypochlorite)
RN  - I6KPI2E1HD (Peracetic Acid)
RN  - 9002-88-4 (Polyethylene)
RN  - 0 (Disinfectants)
SB  - IM
MH  - Humans
MH  - Sodium Hypochlorite/pharmacology
MH  - Peracetic Acid/pharmacology
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
MH  - Pandemics
MH  - Polyethylene
MH  - *COVID-19
MH  - *Disinfectants/pharmacology
PMC - PMC10370308
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - ASTM
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
OT  - disinfectants
OT  - fomites
OT  - peracetic acid
OT  - sodium hypochlorite
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2023/06/22 13:09
MHDA- 2023/07/27 06:42
PMCR- 2023/06/22
CRDT- 2023/06/22 10:06
PHST- 2023/07/27 06:42 [medline]
PHST- 2023/06/22 13:09 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/06/22 10:06 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/06/22 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 00622-23 [pii]
AID - aem.00622-23 [pii]
AID - 10.1128/aem.00622-23 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Appl Environ Microbiol. 2023 Jul 26;89(7):e0062223. doi: 10.1128/aem.00622-23. 
      Epub 2023 Jun 22.