PMID- 37358306
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20231106
LR  - 20240320
IS  - 1520-6300 (Electronic)
IS  - 1042-0533 (Print)
IS  - 1042-0533 (Linking)
VI  - 35
IP  - 11
DP  - 2023 Nov
TI  - Human milk immune factors, maternal nutritional status, and infant sex: The 
      INSPIRE study.
PG  - e23943
LID - 10.1002/ajhb.23943 [doi]
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Breastfeeding is an energetically costly and intense form of human 
      parental investment, providing sole-source nutrition in early infancy and 
      bioactive components, including immune factors. Given the energetic cost of 
      lactation, milk factors may be subject to tradeoffs, and variation in 
      concentrations have been explored utilizing the Trivers-Willard hypothesis. As 
      human milk immune factors are critical to developing immune system and protect 
      infants against pathogens, we tested whether concentrations of milk immune 
      factors (IgA, IgM, IgG, EGF, TGFbeta2, and IL-10) vary in response to infant sex and 
      maternal condition (proxied by maternal diet diversity [DD] and body mass index 
      [BMI]) as posited in the Trivers-Willard hypothesis and consider the application 
      of the hypothesis to milk composition. METHODS: We analyzed concentrations of 
      immune factors in 358 milk samples collected from women residing in 10 
      international sites using linear mixed-effects models to test for an interaction 
      between maternal condition, including population as a random effect and infant 
      age and maternal age as fixed effects. RESULTS: IgG concentrations were 
      significantly lower in milk produced by women consuming diets with low diversity 
      with male infants than those with female infants. No other significant 
      associations were identified. CONCLUSIONS: IgG concentrations were related to 
      infant sex and maternal diet diversity, providing minimal support for the 
      hypothesis. Given the lack of associations across other select immune factors, 
      results suggest that the Trivers-Willard hypothesis may not be broadly applied to 
      human milk immune factors as a measure of maternal investment, which are likely 
      buffered against perturbations in maternal condition.
CI  - (c) 2023 The Authors. American Journal of Human Biology published by Wiley 
      Periodicals LLC.
FAU - Caffe, Beatrice
AU  - Caffe B
AD  - Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 
      USA.
FAU - Blackwell, Aaron
AU  - Blackwell A
AD  - Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 
      USA.
FAU - Fehrenkamp, Bethaney D
AU  - Fehrenkamp BD
AD  - Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, 
      Moscow, Idaho, USA.
AD  - Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Montana, Idaho (WWAMI) Medical Education Program, 
      University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA.
FAU - Williams, Janet E
AU  - Williams JE
AD  - Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, 
      Idaho, USA.
FAU - Pace, Ryan M
AU  - Pace RM
AD  - Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, 
      Moscow, Idaho, USA.
FAU - Lackey, Kimberly A
AU  - Lackey KA
AD  - Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, 
      Moscow, Idaho, USA.
FAU - Ruiz, Lorena
AU  - Ruiz L
AD  - Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de 
      Productos Lacteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain.
AD  - Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 
      Microhealth Group, Oviedo, Spain.
FAU - Rodriguez, Juan M
AU  - Rodriguez JM
AD  - Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, 
      Madrid, Spain.
FAU - McGuire, Mark A
AU  - McGuire MA
AD  - Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, 
      Idaho, USA.
FAU - Foster, James A
AU  - Foster JA
AD  - Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA.
FAU - Sellen, Daniel W
AU  - Sellen DW
AD  - Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
FAU - Kamau-Mbuthia, Elizabeth W
AU  - Kamau-Mbuthia EW
AD  - Department of Human Nutrition, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya.
FAU - Kamundia, Egidioh W
AU  - Kamundia EW
AD  - Department of Human Nutrition, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya.
FAU - Mbugua, Samwel
AU  - Mbugua S
AD  - Department of Human Nutrition, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya.
FAU - Moore, Sophie E
AU  - Moore SE
AD  - Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, London, UK.
AD  - MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 
      Fajara, Gambia.
FAU - Prentice, Andrew M
AU  - Prentice AM
AD  - MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 
      Fajara, Gambia.
FAU - Kvist, Linda J
AU  - Kvist LJ
AD  - Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
FAU - Otoo, Gloria E
AU  - Otoo GE
AD  - Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
FAU - Pareja, Rossina G
AU  - Pareja RG
AD  - Nutrition Research Institute, Lima, Peru.
FAU - Bode, Lars
AU  - Bode L
AD  - Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, 
      University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
AD  - Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 
      California, USA.
FAU - Gebeyehu, Dubale
AU  - Gebeyehu D
AD  - Department of Anthropology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
FAU - Gindola, Debela K
AU  - Gindola DK
AD  - Department of Anthropology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
FAU - Boothman, Sarah
AU  - Boothman S
AD  - School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 
      USA.
FAU - Flores, Katherine
AU  - Flores K
AD  - Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 
      USA.
FAU - McGuire, Michelle K
AU  - McGuire MK
AD  - Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, 
      Moscow, Idaho, USA.
FAU - Meehan, Courtney L
AU  - Meehan CL
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2034-652X
AD  - Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 
      USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - MC_PC_21037/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
GR  - MC_UU_00026/3/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
GR  - R01 HD092297/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
GR  - NH/NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
DEP - 20230626
PL  - United States
TA  - Am J Hum Biol
JT  - American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology 
      Council
JID - 8915029
RN  - 0 (Immunologic Factors)
RN  - 0 (Immunoglobulin G)
SB  - IM
MH  - Female
MH  - Infant
MH  - Male
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Milk, Human
MH  - *Nutritional Status
MH  - Lactation/physiology
MH  - Breast Feeding
MH  - Immunologic Factors
MH  - Immunoglobulin G
PMC - PMC10749986
MID - NIHMS1922207
COIS- CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors report no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2023/06/26 13:07
MHDA- 2023/11/06 06:42
PMCR- 2024/11/01
CRDT- 2023/06/26 09:04
PHST- 2023/05/24 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/01/14 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/06/08 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2024/11/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
PHST- 2023/11/06 06:42 [medline]
PHST- 2023/06/26 13:07 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/06/26 09:04 [entrez]
AID - 10.1002/ajhb.23943 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Am J Hum Biol. 2023 Nov;35(11):e23943. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.23943. Epub 2023 Jun 26.