PMID- 37367002
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230629
LR  - 20230701
IS  - 2079-6374 (Electronic)
IS  - 2079-6374 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 6
DP  - 2023 Jun 8
TI  - Respiratory Rate Estimation during Walking and Running Using Breathing Sounds 
      Recorded with a Microphone.
LID - 10.3390/bios13060637 [doi]
LID - 637
AB  - Emerging evidence suggests that respiratory frequency (f(R)) is a valid marker of 
      physical effort. This has stimulated interest in developing devices that allow 
      athletes and exercise practitioners to monitor this vital sign. The numerous 
      technical challenges posed by breathing monitoring in sporting scenarios (e.g., 
      motion artifacts) require careful consideration of the variety of sensors 
      potentially suitable for this purpose. Despite being less prone to motion 
      artifacts than other sensors (e.g., strain sensors), microphone sensors have 
      received limited attention so far. This paper proposes the use of a microphone 
      embedded in a facemask for estimating f(R) from breath sounds during walking and 
      running. f(R) was estimated in the time domain as the time elapsed between 
      consecutive exhalation events retrieved from breathing sounds every 30 s. Data 
      were collected from ten healthy subjects (both males and females) at rest and 
      during walking (at 3 km/h and 6 km/h) and running (at 9 km/h and 12 km/h) 
      activities. The reference respiratory signal was recorded with an orifice 
      flowmeter. The mean absolute error (MAE), the mean of differences (MOD), and the 
      limits of agreements (LOAs) were computed separately for each condition. 
      Relatively good agreement was found between the proposed system and the reference 
      system, with MAE and MOD values increasing with the increase in exercise 
      intensity and ambient noise up to a maximum of 3.8 bpm (breaths per minute) and 
      -2.0 bpm, respectively, during running at 12 km/h. When considering all the 
      conditions together, we found an MAE of 1.7 bpm and an MOD +/- LOAs of -0.24 +/- 5.07 
      bpm. These findings suggest that microphone sensors can be considered among the 
      suitable options for estimating f(R) during exercise.
FAU - Romano, Chiara
AU  - Romano C
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-3525-0213
AD  - Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Universita Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 
      Rome, Italy.
FAU - Nicolo, Andrea
AU  - Nicolo A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4716-1667
AD  - Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro 
      Italico", 00135 Rome, Italy.
FAU - Innocenti, Lorenzo
AU  - Innocenti L
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6893-1907
AD  - Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro 
      Italico", 00135 Rome, Italy.
FAU - Bravi, Marco
AU  - Bravi M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3396-4100
AD  - Unit of Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Universita Campus Bio-Medico di 
      Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy.
FAU - Miccinilli, Sandra
AU  - Miccinilli S
AD  - Unit of Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Universita Campus Bio-Medico di 
      Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy.
FAU - Sterzi, Silvia
AU  - Sterzi S
AD  - Unit of Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Universita Campus Bio-Medico di 
      Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy.
FAU - Sacchetti, Massimo
AU  - Sacchetti M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5365-5161
AD  - Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro 
      Italico", 00135 Rome, Italy.
FAU - Schena, Emiliano
AU  - Schena E
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9696-1265
AD  - Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Universita Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 
      Rome, Italy.
FAU - Massaroni, Carlo
AU  - Massaroni C
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3090-5623
AD  - Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Universita Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 
      Rome, Italy.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230608
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Biosensors (Basel)
JT  - Biosensors
JID - 101609191
SB  - IM
MH  - Male
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Respiratory Rate
MH  - Respiratory Sounds
MH  - Respiration
MH  - Walking
MH  - *Running
PMC - PMC10296589
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - breathing sounds
OT  - exercise
OT  - measurement accuracy
OT  - respiratory frequency
OT  - sport sensors
OT  - validation protocol
OT  - wearable sensors
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2023/06/27 13:11
MHDA- 2023/06/29 06:43
PMCR- 2023/06/08
CRDT- 2023/06/27 09:36
PHST- 2023/04/11 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/05/30 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/06/05 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/06/29 06:43 [medline]
PHST- 2023/06/27 13:11 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/06/27 09:36 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/06/08 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - bios13060637 [pii]
AID - biosensors-13-00637 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/bios13060637 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Biosensors (Basel). 2023 Jun 8;13(6):637. doi: 10.3390/bios13060637.