PMID- 37371330 OWN - NLM STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE LR - 20230701 IS - 2076-3425 (Print) IS - 2076-3425 (Electronic) IS - 2076-3425 (Linking) VI - 13 IP - 6 DP - 2023 May 24 TI - (HIIT-The Track) High-Intensity Interval Training for People with Parkinson's Disease: Individual Response Patterns of (Non-)Motor Symptoms and Blood-Based Biomarkers-A Crossover Single-Case Experimental Design. LID - 10.3390/brainsci13060849 [doi] LID - 849 AB - INTRODUCTION: Physical exercise is receiving increasing interest as an augmentative non-pharmacological intervention in Parkinson's disease (PD). This pilot study primarily aimed to quantify individual response patterns of motor symptoms to alternating exercise modalities, along with non-motor functioning and blood biomarkers of neuroplasticity and neurodegeneration. MATERIALS & METHODS: People with PD performed high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous aerobic exercise (CAE) using a crossover single-case experimental design. A repeated assessment of outcome measures was conducted. The trajectories of outcome measures were visualized in time series plots and interpreted relative to the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and smallest detectable change (SDC) or as a change in the positive or negative direction using trend lines. RESULTS: Data of three participants were analyzed and engaging in physical exercise seemed beneficial for reducing motor symptoms. Participant 1 demonstrated improvement in motor function, independent of exercise modality; while for participant 2, such a clinically relevant (positive) change in motor function was only observed in response to CAE. Participant 3 showed improved motor function after HIIT, but no comparison could be made with CAE because of drop-out. Heterogeneous responses on secondary outcome measures were found, not only between exercise modalities but also among participants. CONCLUSION: Though this study underpins the positive impact of physical exercise in the management of PD, large variability in individual response patterns to the interventions among participants makes it difficult to identify clear exercise-induced adaptations in functioning and blood biomarkers. Further research is needed to overcome methodological challenges in measuring individual response patterns. FAU - Gomes, Elvira S Amaral AU - Gomes ESA AD - Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. AD - Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Rehabilitation & Development, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. FAU - Van den Heuvel, Odile A AU - Van den Heuvel OA AD - Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. AD - Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. AD - Amsterdam Neuroscience, Compulsivity, Impulsivity & Attention, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. FAU - Rietberg, Marc B AU - Rietberg MB AD - Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. AD - Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Rehabilitation & Development, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. FAU - De Groot, Vincent AU - De Groot V AD - Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. AD - Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Rehabilitation & Development, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. AD - Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection & Neuroinflammation, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. FAU - Hirsch, Mark A AU - Hirsch MA AD - Carolinas Medical Center, Atrium Health Carolinas Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA. AD - Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. FAU - Van de Berg, Wilma D J AU - Van de Berg WDJ AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6175-5357 AD - Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. AD - Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. FAU - Jaspers, Richard T AU - Jaspers RT AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6951-0952 AD - Laboratory of Myology, Department of Human Movement Science, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. AD - Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Rehabilitation & Development, Tissue Function & Regeneration, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. FAU - Vriend, Chris AU - Vriend C AD - Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. AD - Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. AD - Amsterdam Neuroscience, Compulsivity, Impulsivity & Attention, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. FAU - Vanbellingen, Tim AU - Vanbellingen T AD - Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland. AD - Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, 6000 Lucerne, Switzerland. FAU - Van Wegen, Erwin E H AU - Van Wegen EEH AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7920-9995 AD - Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. AD - Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Rehabilitation & Development, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. AD - Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Ageing & Vitality, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. AD - Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurovascular Disorders, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. LA - eng GR - DR2019-00311/Hersenstichting/ GR - 2019-R05/Parkinson Vereniging/ PT - Journal Article DEP - 20230524 PL - Switzerland TA - Brain Sci JT - Brain sciences JID - 101598646 PMC - PMC10296509 OTO - NOTNLM OT - Parkinson's disease OT - brain-derived neurotrophic factor OT - endurance training OT - neurofilament proteins OT - neuroprotection OT - rehabilitation, exercise, high intensity interval training COIS- The authors have no conflict of interest to report in relation to the presented work. EDAT- 2023/06/28 06:42 MHDA- 2023/06/28 06:43 PMCR- 2023/05/24 CRDT- 2023/06/28 01:06 PHST- 2023/04/26 00:00 [received] PHST- 2023/05/15 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2023/05/18 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2023/06/28 06:43 [medline] PHST- 2023/06/28 06:42 [pubmed] PHST- 2023/06/28 01:06 [entrez] PHST- 2023/05/24 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - brainsci13060849 [pii] AID - brainsci-13-00849 [pii] AID - 10.3390/brainsci13060849 [doi] PST - epublish SO - Brain Sci. 2023 May 24;13(6):849. doi: 10.3390/brainsci13060849.