PMID- 37419352
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230925
LR  - 20230925
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 897
DP  - 2023 Nov 1
TI  - Residue behaviors, degradation, processing factors, and risk assessment of 
      pesticides in citrus from field to product processing.
PG  - 165321
LID - S0048-9697(23)03944-X [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165321 [doi]
AB  - Pesticide residues in citrus may cause health risks in related juice products, 
      and bring much uncertainty during the processing procedures. In this study, based 
      on the dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) and UPLC-MS/MS, the residual 
      levels of ten analytes in citrus and its processed products were monitored. The 
      results showed that dissipation of the pesticides followed the first-order 
      kinetics and the half-lives in citrus varied greatly, ranging from 6.36 to 
      63.0 days. The terminal residues of the five pesticides at harvest time were 
      <0.01-0.302 and <0.01-0.124 mg/kg in raw citrus and citrus flesh, respectively, 
      all of which were lower than the corresponding maximum residue limits (MRLs) of 
      0.5-1 mg/kg. In the processing experiments, the residues of ten analytes in 
      sterilized juice, concentrated juice, and citrus essential oil were in the range 
      of <0.01 to 0.442 mg/kg, <0.01 to 1.16 mg/kg, and <0.01 to 44.0 mg/kg, 
      respectively, and the corresponding processing factors (PFs) were 0.127-1.00, 
      0.023-3.06, and 0.006-39.2. Particularly, in citrus essential oil, the PFs of 
      etoxazole, fluazinam, lufenuron and spirotetramat-keto-hydroxy were 1.68-39.2, 
      exhibiting obvious enrichment effects. By integrating the residue data of the 
      field trials and the PFs, the acute and chronic dietary risks of the target 
      pesticides in citrus juice were 0.031-1.83 % and 0.002-2.51 %, respectively, 
      which were far lower than 100 %, demonstrating no unacceptable risk to human 
      health. This work provides basic data for the establishment of the MRLs and 
      dietary exposure risk assessment for processed citrus products.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Tang, Hongxia
AU  - Tang H
AD  - Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically 
      Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pesticide Safety 
      Evaluation Research Center, Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing 
      Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China.
FAU - Sun, Qiang
AU  - Sun Q
AD  - Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically 
      Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pesticide Safety 
      Evaluation Research Center, Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing 
      Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China.
FAU - Huang, Jiaqing
AU  - Huang J
AD  - Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically 
      Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pesticide Safety 
      Evaluation Research Center, Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing 
      Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China.
FAU - Wen, Guangyue
AU  - Wen G
AD  - Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically 
      Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pesticide Safety 
      Evaluation Research Center, Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing 
      Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China.
FAU - Han, Lijun
AU  - Han L
AD  - College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
FAU - Wang, Lei
AU  - Wang L
AD  - School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Haerbin 
      150030, PR China.
FAU - Zhang, Ying
AU  - Zhang Y
AD  - School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Haerbin 
      150030, PR China.
FAU - Dong, Maofeng
AU  - Dong M
AD  - Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically 
      Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pesticide Safety 
      Evaluation Research Center, Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing 
      Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China. 
      Electronic address: Dongmf@saas.sh.cn.
FAU - Wang, Weimin
AU  - Wang W
AD  - Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically 
      Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pesticide Safety 
      Evaluation Research Center, Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing 
      Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230706
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 0 (Pesticides)
RN  - 0 (Pesticide Residues)
SB  - IM
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Pesticides/analysis
MH  - Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods
MH  - Chromatography, Liquid
MH  - *Citrus
MH  - *Pesticide Residues/analysis
MH  - Fruit/chemistry
MH  - Risk Assessment
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Citrus
OT  - Dissipation
OT  - Processing factors
OT  - Residue levels
OT  - Risk assessment
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no know 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2023/07/08 10:42
MHDA- 2023/09/25 06:42
CRDT- 2023/07/07 19:27
PHST- 2023/05/07 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/07/02 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/07/02 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/09/25 06:42 [medline]
PHST- 2023/07/08 10:42 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/07/07 19:27 [entrez]
AID - S0048-9697(23)03944-X [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165321 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2023 Nov 1;897:165321. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165321. 
      Epub 2023 Jul 6.