PMID- 37428849
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20231011
LR  - 20231011
IS  - 1944-0057 (Electronic)
IS  - 1944-0057 (Linking)
VI  - 40
IP  - 8
DP  - 2023 Aug
TI  - Cumulative health risk assessment of pesticide residues in apple products in the 
      Northwest of Iran using Monte Carlo simulation.
PG  - 992-1010
LID - 10.1080/19440049.2023.2232876 [doi]
AB  - Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables cause serious health issues, 
      especially among children. This research was carried out to monitor and evaluate 
      the risks of organophosphate pesticide residues in Maragheh County apple products 
      from 2020. The Monte Carlo Simulation approach (MCS) was used to evaluate the 
      non-cancerous effects of exposure to pesticide residues in adults and children. 
      Apple samples were taken every two weeks at the Maragheh central market during 
      the summer and fall months. In this study, seventeen pesticide residues in 30 
      apple samples were estimated using a modified QuECheRS extraction technique 
      coupled with GC/MS. Of the seventeen organophosphate pesticides, thirteen were 
      identified as pesticide residues (76.47%). The highest concentration found in the 
      apple samples was associated with chlorpyrifos pesticide at 1.05 mg/kg. Pesticide 
      residues exceeding the maximum residue limits (MRLs) were found in 100% of apple 
      specimens, and more than 75% of the samples contained ten or more pesticide 
      residues. Approximately 45%-80% of pesticide residues on apple samples were 
      removed after washing and peeling. Chlorpyrifos pesticide had the highest health 
      quotient (HQ) for men, women, and children with values of 0.046, 0.054, and 0.23, 
      respectively. Cumulative risk assessment (CRA) of non-carcinogenic effects 
      indicates that there is no significant health risk in the adult age group from 
      apple consumption (HI < 1). Nevertheless, children are at high non-cancer risk 
      from eating unwashed apples (HI = 1.3). This finding shows that high levels of 
      pesticide residues in apple samples, especially unwashed apples, can be a serious 
      concern for the health of children. To better protect consumer health, continuous 
      and regular monitoring, strict regulations, training, and awareness of farmers, 
      especially control pre-harvest interval (PHI) is recommended.
FAU - Maleki, Neda Soheili
AU  - Maleki NS
AD  - Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
FAU - Shakerkhatibi, Mohammad
AU  - Shakerkhatibi M
AD  - Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 
      Tabriz, Iran.
AD  - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz 
      University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
FAU - Dolatkhah, Mehran
AU  - Dolatkhah M
AD  - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz 
      University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
FAU - Safari, Gholam Hossein
AU  - Safari GH
AD  - Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 
      Tabriz, Iran.
AD  - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz 
      University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230710
PL  - England
TA  - Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess
JT  - Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & 
      risk assessment
JID - 101485040
RN  - 0 (Pesticide Residues)
RN  - 0 (Pesticides)
RN  - JCS58I644W (Chlorpyrifos)
RN  - 0 (Organophosphates)
SB  - IM
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - *Pesticide Residues/adverse effects
MH  - *Malus
MH  - *Pesticides/adverse effects/analysis
MH  - *Chlorpyrifos/adverse effects/analysis
MH  - Humans
MH  - Organophosphates
MH  - Monte Carlo Method
MH  - Iran
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Apple
OT  - Iran
OT  - Monte Carlo simulation
OT  - pesticide
OT  - risk assessment
EDAT- 2023/07/10 19:08
MHDA- 2023/08/14 06:43
CRDT- 2023/07/10 14:12
PHST- 2023/08/14 06:43 [medline]
PHST- 2023/07/10 19:08 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/07/10 14:12 [entrez]
AID - 10.1080/19440049.2023.2232876 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2023 
      Aug;40(8):992-1010. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2232876. Epub 2023 Jul 10.