PMID- 37430238
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230712
LR  - 20230718
IS  - 1471-2458 (Electronic)
IS  - 1471-2458 (Linking)
VI  - 23
IP  - 1
DP  - 2023 Jul 10
TI  - Consumer health risk assessment of Arsenic and Mercury in hen eggs through Monte 
      Carlo simulations.
PG  - 1320
LID - 10.1186/s12889-023-16223-4 [doi]
LID - 1320
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to assess the concentration of heavy metals 
      (arsenic and mercury) and estimate the probability that consumption of hen egg 
      products collected in Iran has carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic consequences. 
      METHODS: A total of eighty-four hen eggs from 21 major brands were randomly 
      selected from among thirty local supermarkets in two seasons (winter (January) 
      and summer (August) 2022). Arsenic (As) and Mercury (Hg) was determined by using 
      ICP-MS. The human health risk assessment refers to the formulation of the USEPA 
      standard focused on Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), International Lifetime Cancer 
      Risk (ILCR), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) as a 
      probabilistic method. Data analysis was carried out using the statistical 
      software SPSS. Differences in mean concentrations of As and Hg in two seasons 
      were tested by paired t-test. RESULTS: Over two seasons, the average As and Hg 
      concentrations in hen eggs were 0.79 and 0.18 microg.kg(-1), respectively. Seasonal 
      difference in As concentration (p = 0.451) was not significant, whereas that of 
      Hg concentration (p < 0.001) was significant. The calculated value of EDI was 
      0.29 microg As/day and 0.06 microg Hg/day. The EWI in the maximum scenario of as level in 
      hen eggs was estimated to be 8.71 microg As and 1.89 microg Hg/month for Iranian adults. 
      THQ's mean for As and Hg in adults was determined to be 0.00385 and 0.00066, 
      respectively. In addition, ILCRs by MCS for As were 4.35E-4. CONCLUSION: In 
      total, the result indicates that there was not a significant risk of developing 
      cancer; the calculation of THQ was still below the accepted level of 1, 
      indicating that there was no risk while, according to most regulatory programs 
      (ILCR > 10(- 4)) shows a threshold carcinogenic risk of arsenic through consuming 
      in hen eggs. Therefore, policymakers need to be aware that it is prohibited to 
      establish chicken farms in heavily polluted urban areas. It is essential to 
      regularly conduct examinations to measure the presence of heavy metals in both 
      ground waters used for agriculture and the feed provided to chickens. 
      Additionally, it is advisable to focus on raising public awareness about the 
      importance of maintaining a healthy diet.
CI  - (c) 2023. The Author(s).
FAU - Abedi, Abdol-Samad
AU  - Abedi AS
AD  - Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research Department, Faculty of Nutrition 
      Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research 
      Institute (NNFTRI), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
FAU - Hoseini, Hedayat
AU  - Hoseini H
AD  - Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food 
      Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid 
      Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
FAU - Mohammadi-Nasrabadi, Fatemeh
AU  - Mohammadi-Nasrabadi F
AD  - Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research Department, Faculty of Nutrition 
      Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research 
      Institute (NNFTRI), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
FAU - Rostami, Negar
AU  - Rostami N
AD  - Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research Department, Faculty of Nutrition 
      Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research 
      Institute (NNFTRI), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
FAU - Esfarjani, Fatemeh
AU  - Esfarjani F
AD  - Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research Department, Faculty of Nutrition 
      Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research 
      Institute (NNFTRI), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 
      Fesfarjani@hotmail.com.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20230710
PL  - England
TA  - BMC Public Health
JT  - BMC public health
JID - 100968562
RN  - 0 (Arsenic-71)
RN  - N712M78A8G (Arsenic)
RN  - FXS1BY2PGL (Mercury)
RN  - 0 (Carcinogens)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Adult
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Arsenic
MH  - *Mercury
MH  - Chickens
MH  - Iran
MH  - Monte Carlo Method
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - Carcinogens
PMC - PMC10334572
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Arsenic
OT  - Hen eggs
OT  - ICP-MS
OT  - Mercury
OT  - Monte Carlo simulations
OT  - Risk assessment
OT  - THQ
COIS- The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
EDAT- 2023/07/11 01:07
MHDA- 2023/07/12 06:42
PMCR- 2023/07/10
CRDT- 2023/07/10 23:37
PHST- 2023/03/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/06/30 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/07/12 06:42 [medline]
PHST- 2023/07/11 01:07 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/07/10 23:37 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/07/10 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1186/s12889-023-16223-4 [pii]
AID - 16223 [pii]
AID - 10.1186/s12889-023-16223-4 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - BMC Public Health. 2023 Jul 10;23(1):1320. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-16223-4.