PMID- 37444192
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20230718
IS  - 2304-8158 (Print)
IS  - 2304-8158 (Electronic)
IS  - 2304-8158 (Linking)
VI  - 12
IP  - 13
DP  - 2023 Jun 22
TI  - Multivariate Assessment and Risk Ranking of Pesticide Residues in Citrus Fruits.
LID - 10.3390/foods12132454 [doi]
LID - 2454
AB  - Pesticides are extensively used in the cultivation and postharvest protection of 
      citrus fruits, therefore continuous monitoring and health risk assessments of 
      their residues are required. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of 
      pesticide residues on citrus fruits and to evaluate the acute and chronic risk 
      for adults and children. The risk ranking of twenty-three detected pesticides was 
      carried out according to a matrix ranking scheme. Multiple residues were detected 
      in 83% of 76 analyzed samples. In addition, 28% contained pesticides at or above 
      maximum residue levels (MRLs). The most frequently detected pesticides were 
      imazalil, azoxystrobin, and dimethomorph. According to the risk ranking method, 
      imazalil was classified in the high-risk group, followed by prochloraz, 
      chlorpyrifos, azinphos-methyl, tebufenpyrad, and fenpiroximate, which were 
      considered to pose a medium risk. The majority of detected pesticides (74%) posed 
      a low risk. The health risk assessment indicated that imazalil and thiabendazole 
      contribute to acute (HQa) and chronic (HQc) dietary risk, respectively. The HQc 
      was negligible for the general population, while the HQa of imazalil and 
      thiabendazole exceeded the acceptable level in the worst-case scenario. 
      Cumulative chronic/acute risk (HIc/HIa) assessment showed that chronic risk was 
      acceptable in all samples for children and adults, while the acute risk was 
      unacceptable in 5.3% of citrus fruits for adults and 26% of citrus fruits for 
      children. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the ingestion rate and individual 
      body weight were the most influential risk factors.
FAU - Radulovic, Jelena
AU  - Radulovic J
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-0141-753X
AD  - Anahem Laboratory, Mocartova 10, 11160 Belgrade, Serbia.
FAU - Lucic, Milica
AU  - Lucic M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6867-9521
AD  - Innovation Center of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 
      11120 Belgrade, Serbia.
FAU - Nesic, Aleksandra
AU  - Nesic A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7971-7589
AD  - Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Alasa 12-14, 
      11351 Belgrade, Serbia.
FAU - Onjia, Antonije
AU  - Onjia A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5694-7960
AD  - Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 
      11120 Belgrade, Serbia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230622
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Foods
JT  - Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 101670569
PMC - PMC10340182
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - GC-MS/MS
OT  - LC-MS/MS
OT  - Monte Carlo simulation
OT  - QuEChERS
OT  - health risks
OT  - sensitivity analysis
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2023/07/14 13:05
MHDA- 2023/07/14 13:06
PMCR- 2023/06/22
CRDT- 2023/07/14 01:04
PHST- 2023/05/22 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/06/18 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/06/19 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/07/14 13:06 [medline]
PHST- 2023/07/14 13:05 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/07/14 01:04 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/06/22 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - foods12132454 [pii]
AID - foods-12-02454 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/foods12132454 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Foods. 2023 Jun 22;12(13):2454. doi: 10.3390/foods12132454.