PMID- 37444920
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20230718
IS  - 1996-1944 (Print)
IS  - 1996-1944 (Electronic)
IS  - 1996-1944 (Linking)
VI  - 16
IP  - 13
DP  - 2023 Jun 26
TI  - Strength Assessment of PET Composite Prosthetic Sockets.
LID - 10.3390/ma16134606 [doi]
LID - 4606
AB  - A prosthesis is loaded by forces and torques exerted by its wearer, the amputee, 
      and should withstand instances of peak loads without failure. Traditionally, 
      strong prosthetic sockets were made using a composite with a variety of 
      reinforcing fibres, such as glass, carbon, and Kevlar. Amputees in less-resourced 
      nations can lack access to composite prosthetic sockets due to their 
      unavailability or prohibitive cost. Therefore, this study investigates the 
      feasibility of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibre-reinforced composites as a 
      low-cost sustainable composite for producing functional lower-limb prosthetic 
      sockets. Two types of these composites were manufactured using woven and knitted 
      fabric with a vacuum-assisted resin transfer moulding (VARTM) process. For direct 
      comparison purposes, traditional prosthetic-socket materials were also 
      manufactured from laminated composite (glass-fibre-reinforced (GFRP)), monolithic 
      thermoplastic (polypropylene (PP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE)) were also 
      manufactured. Dog-bone-shaped specimens were cut from flat laminates and 
      monolithic thermoplastic to evaluate their mechanical properties following ASTM 
      standards. The mechanical properties of PET-woven and PET-knitted composites were 
      found to have demonstrated to be considerably superior to those of traditional 
      socket materials, such as PP and HDPE. All the materials were also tested in the 
      socket form using a bespoke test rig reproducing forefoot loading according to 
      the ISO standard 10328. The static structural test of sockets revealed that all 
      met the target load-bearing capacity of 125 kg. Like GFRP, the PETW and PETK 
      sockets demonstrated higher deformation and stiffness resistance than their 
      monolithic counterparts made from PP and HDPE. As a result, it was concluded that 
      the PET-based composite could replace monolithic socket materials in producing 
      durable and affordable prostheses.
FAU - Nagarajan, Yogeshvaran R
AU  - Nagarajan YR
AD  - Institute of Engineering Sciences, School of Engineering and Sustainable 
      Development, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK.
FAU - Farukh, Farukh
AU  - Farukh F
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9133-7896
AD  - Institute of Engineering Sciences, School of Engineering and Sustainable 
      Development, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK.
FAU - Silberschmidt, Vadim V
AU  - Silberschmidt VV
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-3338-3311
AD  - Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, 
      Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
FAU - Kandan, Karthikeyan
AU  - Kandan K
AD  - Institute of Engineering Sciences, School of Engineering and Sustainable 
      Development, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK.
FAU - Rathore, Radheshyam
AU  - Rathore R
AD  - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, 
      Jaipur 302017, India.
FAU - Singh, Amit Kumar
AU  - Singh AK
AD  - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, 
      Jaipur 302017, India.
AD  - Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, 
      Kozhikode 673601, India.
FAU - Mukul, Pooja
AU  - Mukul P
AD  - Bhagwan Mahaveer Viklang Sahayata Samiti (BMVSS), Jaipur 302017, India.
LA  - eng
GR  - GCRFNG\100125/AMS_/Academy of Medical Sciences/United Kingdom
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230626
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Materials (Basel)
JT  - Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 101555929
PMC - PMC10342716
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - ISO socket testing
OT  - PET fibre-reinforced composite
OT  - knitted composite
OT  - polypropylene and high-density polyethylene
OT  - prosthetic sockets
OT  - tensile testing
OT  - woven laminate
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2023/07/14 13:06
MHDA- 2023/07/14 13:07
PMCR- 2023/06/26
CRDT- 2023/07/14 01:08
PHST- 2023/05/04 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/06/15 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/06/21 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/07/14 13:07 [medline]
PHST- 2023/07/14 13:06 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/07/14 01:08 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/06/26 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ma16134606 [pii]
AID - materials-16-04606 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ma16134606 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Materials (Basel). 2023 Jun 26;16(13):4606. doi: 10.3390/ma16134606.