PMID- 37448054
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230717
LR  - 20230718
IS  - 1424-8220 (Electronic)
IS  - 1424-8220 (Linking)
VI  - 23
IP  - 13
DP  - 2023 Jul 6
TI  - Experimental Investigations of Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors for Water Pipeline 
      Monitoring.
LID - 10.3390/s23136205 [doi]
LID - 6205
AB  - Water Loss (WL) is a global issue. In Italy, for instance, WL reached 36.2% of 
      the total fresh water conveyed in 2020. The maintenance of a water supply system 
      is a strategic task that requires a huge amount of investment every year. In this 
      work, we focused on the use of Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors (DFOS) based on 
      Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) technology for monitoring water pipeline 
      networks. We worked on High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipes, today the most 
      widely used for creating water pipelines. By winding and fixing the optic fiber 
      cable on the pipe's external surface, we verified the ability to detect strain 
      related to pressure anomalies along a pipeline, e.g., those caused by water 
      leakage. We performed two experimental phases. In the first one, we assessed the 
      sensibility of sensor layout on an HDPE pipeline solicited with static pressure. 
      We investigated the viscoelastic rheology of the material by calibrating and 
      validating the parameters of a Burger model, in which Maxwell and Kelvin-Voigt 
      models are connected in series. In the second experimental phase, instead, we 
      focused on the detection of the pressure anomaly produced by leakage in a 
      pipeline circuit set up with running water moved by a pump. The theoretical and 
      experimental studies performed returned overall positive feedback on the use of 
      DFOS for the monitoring of HDPE water pipelines. Future developments will be 
      focused on more detailed studies of this monitoring solution and on the 
      industrial production of "natively smart" HDPE pipes in which DFOS cables are 
      integrated into the pipeline surface during the extrusion process.
FAU - Bertulessi, Manuel
AU  - Bertulessi M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-0574-7325
AD  - Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza 
      Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
FAU - Bignami, Daniele Fabrizio
AU  - Bignami DF
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1971-5538
AD  - Fondazione Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, 
      Italy.
FAU - Boschini, Ilaria
AU  - Boschini I
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5350-4873
AD  - Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza 
      Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
FAU - Longoni, Marina
AU  - Longoni M
AD  - Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza 
      Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
FAU - Menduni, Giovanni
AU  - Menduni G
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7006-0880
AD  - Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza 
      Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
FAU - Morosi, Jacopo
AU  - Morosi J
AD  - Cohaerentia S.r.l, Via Pinturicchio 5, 20131 Milano, Italy.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230706
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Sensors (Basel)
JT  - Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 101204366
RN  - 9002-88-4 (Polyethylene)
RN  - 059QF0KO0R (Water)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Polyethylene
MH  - *Water Supply
MH  - Fiber Optic Technology
MH  - Water
MH  - Fresh Water
PMC - PMC10346350
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Brillouin DFOS
OT  - pipeline health monitoring
OT  - smart pipe
OT  - water leakage detection
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2023/07/14 13:07
MHDA- 2023/07/17 06:42
PMCR- 2023/07/06
CRDT- 2023/07/14 01:26
PHST- 2023/06/13 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/06/30 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/07/04 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/07/17 06:42 [medline]
PHST- 2023/07/14 13:07 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/07/14 01:26 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/07/06 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - s23136205 [pii]
AID - sensors-23-06205 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/s23136205 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Sensors (Basel). 2023 Jul 6;23(13):6205. doi: 10.3390/s23136205.