PMID- 37457680
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230718
LR  - 20230719
IS  - 2048-6790 (Electronic)
IS  - 2048-6790 (Linking)
VI  - 12
DP  - 2023
TI  - Mind the gap: limited knowledge of carbohydrate guidelines for competition in an 
      international cohort of endurance athletes.
PG  - e68
LID - 10.1017/jns.2023.49 [doi]
LID - e68
AB  - Despite the well-documented role of carbohydrate (CHO) in promoting endurance 
      exercise performance, endurance athletes typically fail to meet current 
      recommendations in competition. Adequate nutrition knowledge is key to drive 
      athletes' behaviour, but the current level of knowledge in this population is not 
      known. The present study assessed knowledge of CHO for competition in an 
      international cohort of endurance athletes using the Carbohydrates for Endurance 
      Athletes in Competition Questionnaire (CEAC-Q). The CEAC-Q was completed by 1016 
      individuals (45 % female), from the United Kingdom (40 %), Australia/New Zealand 
      (22 %), the United States of America/Canada (18 %) and other countries (21 %). 
      Total CEAC-Q scores were 50 +/- 20 % (mean +/- sd), with no differences in scores 
      between the five subsections (10 +/- 5 points, P < 0⋅001). Based on typical 
      knowledge and frequency of correct answers, we defined questions with low 
      (0-39 %), moderate (40-69 %) and high (70-100 %) knowledge at a population level. 
      Knowledge deficiencies were identified in questions related to CHO metabolism 
      (Low: 2 out of 5 questions (2/5), Moderate: 3/5), CHO-loading (Low: 2/5, 
      Moderate: 1/5), pre-event CHO (Low: 2/5, Moderate: 2/5), CHO during exercise 
      (Moderate: 4/5) and CHO for recovery (Low: 3/5, Moderate: 1/5). Current CHO 
      amounts recommendations were identified correctly for CHO-loading, 
      pre-competition meal, during competition >2⋅5 h) and post-competition recovery by 
      28% (Low), 45 % (Moderate), 48 % (Moderate), and 29 % (Low), respectively. Our 
      findings indicate that endurance athletes typically have limited knowledge of 
      carbohydrate guidelines for competition, and we identify specific knowledge gaps 
      that can guide targeted nutrition education to improve knowledge as an initial 
      step towards optimal dietary practice.
CI  - (c) The Author(s) 2023.
FAU - Sampson, Gemma
AU  - Sampson G
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6194-5740
AD  - Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores 
      University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St, Campus, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
FAU - Morton, James P
AU  - Morton JP
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2776-2542
AD  - Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores 
      University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St, Campus, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
FAU - Areta, Jose L
AU  - Areta JL
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6918-1223
AD  - Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores 
      University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St, Campus, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230703
PL  - England
TA  - J Nutr Sci
JT  - Journal of nutritional science
JID - 101590587
RN  - 0 (Dietary Carbohydrates)
SB  - IM
MH  - Humans
MH  - Female
MH  - Male
MH  - *Dietary Carbohydrates
MH  - *Athletes
MH  - Exercise
MH  - Diet
MH  - Health Education
PMC - PMC10345785
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Carbohydrate
OT  - Endurance athlete
OT  - Nutrition knowledge questionnaire
OT  - Sports nutrition
EDAT- 2023/07/17 06:42
MHDA- 2023/07/18 13:08
PMCR- 2023/01/01
CRDT- 2023/07/17 04:42
PHST- 2023/05/24 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/05/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/07/18 13:08 [medline]
PHST- 2023/07/17 06:42 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/07/17 04:42 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S2048679023000496 [pii]
AID - 10.1017/jns.2023.49 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - J Nutr Sci. 2023 Jul 3;12:e68. doi: 10.1017/jns.2023.49. eCollection 2023.