PMID- 37487977 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20230824 LR - 20230824 IS - 1879-1298 (Electronic) IS - 0045-6535 (Linking) VI - 339 DP - 2023 Oct TI - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in human breast milk from Colombia: A probabilistic risk assessment approach. PG - 139597 LID - S0045-6535(23)01864-7 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139597 [doi] AB - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. They were produced in relatively large volumes in the last century and are now subject to long-term monitoring and regulated under the United Nations Stockholm Convention (SC) on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Though restricted, human exposure is still a concern and in some regions of the globe the information on the health risk is limited. Sixty breast milk samples from nursing mothers were collected between 2014 and 2015, residing in Bogota, Cartagena, and Medellin, which are industrialized cities in Colombia. This is the first comprehensive study to determine the concentrations in breast milk of PBDEs (n = 7), PCBs (n = 29), and OCPs (n = 28) in Colombia. The detection frequency of POPs, including BDE-47, CB-138, CB-153, CB-156, and CB-180, as well as several OCPs such as chloroneb, aldrins, HCHs, DDTs, and heptachlor, was found to be 100% in all samples tested. The mean concentrations of the analyzed legacy POPs were summation operator3DDTs (423 ng/g lw) > chloroneb (50.1 ng/g lw) > summation operator2permetrins (17.5 ng/g lw) > summation operator2aldrins (16.7 ng/g lw) > 29 PCBs (15.04 ng/g lw) > summation operator2chlordanes (CHLs) (11.2 ng/g lw) approximately summation operator3endosulfans (11.1 ng/g lw) > summation operator2heptachlors (2.43 ng/g lw) > 7PBDEs (2.1 ng/g lw) > summation operator4HCHs (0.58 ng/g lw). The results of this study suggest that the concentrations of DDTs were present in breast milk samples from Colombia at levels comparable to those found in previous studies conducted in other countries such as Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, and various Asian countries. The concentrations of PBDE and PCB congeners, as well as many pesticides, were found to be significantly correlated with each other. This suggests that these substances may have similar sources of exposure. The strength of the pair correlation among concentrations of POPs was assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficients, which varied from r = 0.62 for the association between BDE-47 and CB-153, to a high correlation of 0.99 for the correlation between gamma-Chlordane and heptachlor. This suggests that these POPs may share similar sources, such as diet. An exposure assessment model obtained by Monte Carlo simulation showed that infants were exposed to low concentrations of POPs with exception of p,p'-DDE and Aldrin, in which 25(th), 50(th) and 95(th) percentiles were greater than the threshold reference values of non-carcinogenic effects suggested by US-EPA regulations while the 90(th) percentile of pg TEQ/Kg-bw/day for dl-PCBs was above of the tolerable daily intake (TDI) proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Therefore, the health risk of infants exposed to OCPs and dl-PCBs should be exanimated continually through biomonitoring programs in the Colombian population. CI - Copyright (c) 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. FAU - Torres-Moreno, Adriana C AU - Torres-Moreno AC AD - Environmental Chemistry Research Group, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Campus of San Pablo, University of Cartagena. Zaragocilla, Carrera 50 No. 24-99, Cartagena, Colombia. FAU - Mejia-Grau, Karen AU - Mejia-Grau K AD - Environmental Chemistry Research Group, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Campus of San Pablo, University of Cartagena. Zaragocilla, Carrera 50 No. 24-99, Cartagena, Colombia. FAU - Puente-DelaCruz, Laura AU - Puente-DelaCruz L AD - Environmental Chemistry Research Group, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Campus of San Pablo, University of Cartagena. Zaragocilla, Carrera 50 No. 24-99, Cartagena, Colombia. FAU - Codling, Garry AU - Codling G AD - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University. Kotlarska 267/2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic; Centre for Resilience in Environment, Water and Waste (CREWW), Exeter University, Exeter, UK. FAU - Villa, Aida Luz AU - Villa AL AD - Environmental Catalysis Research Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia. FAU - Rios-Marquez, Oscar AU - Rios-Marquez O AD - Environmental Catalysis Research Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia. FAU - Patequiva-Chauta, Laura AU - Patequiva-Chauta L AD - Energy, Materials and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus Universitario Puente Del Comun, Km. 7 Autopista Norte, Bogota, Colombia. FAU - Cobo, Martha AU - Cobo M AD - Energy, Materials and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus Universitario Puente Del Comun, Km. 7 Autopista Norte, Bogota, Colombia. FAU - Johnson-Restrepo, Boris AU - Johnson-Restrepo B AD - Environmental Chemistry Research Group, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Campus of San Pablo, University of Cartagena. Zaragocilla, Carrera 50 No. 24-99, Cartagena, Colombia. Electronic address: bjohnsonr@unicartagena.edu.co. LA - eng PT - Journal Article DEP - 20230722 PL - England TA - Chemosphere JT - Chemosphere JID - 0320657 RN - ZRU0C9E32O (2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl) RN - DFC2HB4I0K (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) RN - 0N97R5X10X (2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether) RN - 0 (Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers) RN - 1U6950BY9X (chloroneb) RN - 0 (Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated) RN - 0 (Pesticides) RN - 0 (Environmental Pollutants) RN - 4M7FS82U08 (Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene) RN - 7GLS9ACN3L (Heptachlor) SB - IM MH - Infant MH - Female MH - Humans MH - *Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis MH - Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/analysis MH - Colombia MH - Milk, Human/chemistry MH - *Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/analysis MH - *Pesticides/analysis MH - *Environmental Pollutants/analysis MH - Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene MH - Heptachlor MH - Risk Assessment MH - Environmental Monitoring OTO - NOTNLM OT - Hazard quotient OT - Monte Carlo simulation OT - OCPs OT - Organochlorine pesticides OT - PBDEs OT - PCBs OT - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers OT - Polychlorinated biphenyls OT - breast milk OT - exposure assessment OT - toxic equivalent COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. EDAT- 2023/07/25 01:09 MHDA- 2023/08/24 06:42 CRDT- 2023/07/24 22:02 PHST- 2023/02/06 00:00 [received] PHST- 2023/05/17 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2023/07/19 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2023/08/24 06:42 [medline] PHST- 2023/07/25 01:09 [pubmed] PHST- 2023/07/24 22:02 [entrez] AID - S0045-6535(23)01864-7 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139597 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Chemosphere. 2023 Oct;339:139597. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139597. Epub 2023 Jul 22.