PMID- 37513556
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230801
LR  - 20230801
IS  - 2072-6643 (Electronic)
IS  - 2072-6643 (Linking)
VI  - 15
IP  - 14
DP  - 2023 Jul 14
TI  - Effect of Black Garlic Consumption on Endothelial Function and Lipid Profile: A 
      Before-and-After Study in Hypercholesterolemic and Non-Hypercholesterolemic 
      Subjects.
LID - 10.3390/nu15143138 [doi]
LID - 3138
AB  - BACKGROUND: Black garlic is obtained from raw garlic (Allium sativum L.), by a 
      fermentation process, under humidity and heat treatment, showing a high 
      concentration of organosulfur compounds, which have been related to benefits in 
      the prevention or delay of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The objective of the 
      research was to evaluate whether long-term consumption of black garlic improves 
      endothelial function and lipid profile in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. 
      METHODS: Single center, controlled clinical trial with two branches: 
      Hypercholesterolemia vs. Healthy condition. Sixty-two subjects of both sexes were 
      distributed in two groups, the hypercholesterolemia group (n = 31) (total 
      cholesterol (TC) range 200-300 mg/dL and low-density lipoprotein 
      (LDL)-cholesterol range 135-175 mg/dL) and the healthy group (n = 31). The 
      intervention consisted of the ingestion of 4 cloves of black garlic (12 g) daily 
      for 12 weeks. RESULTS: significant increases in Apolipoprotein (Apo)A1 occurred 
      in both groups: Hypercholesterolemia (Delta 11.8 mg/dL p < 0.001) vs Healthy (Delta 11.1 
      mg/dL p < 0.001). Besides, significant reductions for endothelial adhesion 
      molecules monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (Delta -121.5 pg/mL p = 0.007 
      vs. Delta -56.3 pg/mL p = 0.015), intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (Delta -39.3 
      ng/mL p < 0.001 vs. Delta 63.5 ng/mL p < 0.001), and vascular cyto-adhesion 
      molecule-1 (VCAM-1) (Delta -144.4 ng/mL p < 0.001 vs. Delta -83.4 ng/mL p = 0.061) were 
      observed, for hypercholesterolemic and healthy subjects, respectively. 
      CONCLUSIONS: These data show that black garlic consumption could improve some 
      parameters related to endothelial function and lipid profile, which may have a 
      favorable impact on the risk of CVDs, although more long-term studies are 
      necessary to confirm.
FAU - Villano, Debora
AU  - Villano D
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8162-8857
AD  - Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Catolica de San Antonio, 30107 Murcia, 
      Spain.
FAU - Marhuenda, Javier
AU  - Marhuenda J
AD  - Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Catolica de San Antonio, 30107 Murcia, 
      Spain.
FAU - Arcusa, Raul
AU  - Arcusa R
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4221-3528
AD  - Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Catolica de San Antonio, 30107 Murcia, 
      Spain.
FAU - Moreno-Rojas, Jose Manuel
AU  - Moreno-Rojas JM
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9372-1346
AD  - Department of Agroindustry and Food Quality, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural 
      and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo, Avda. 
      Menendez-Pidal, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
AD  - Foods for Health Group, Instituto Maimonides de Investigacion Biomedica de 
      Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
FAU - Cerda, Begona
AU  - Cerda B
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-0385-1145
AD  - Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Catolica de San Antonio, 30107 Murcia, 
      Spain.
FAU - Pereira-Caro, Gema
AU  - Pereira-Caro G
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-3162-0432
AD  - Department of Agroindustry and Food Quality, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural 
      and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo, Avda. 
      Menendez-Pidal, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
AD  - Foods for Health Group, Instituto Maimonides de Investigacion Biomedica de 
      Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
FAU - Zafrilla, Pilar
AU  - Zafrilla P
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1463-7120
AD  - Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Catolica de San Antonio, 30107 Murcia, 
      Spain.
LA  - eng
GR  - PP.AVA.AVA2019.037/Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research 
      and Training/
PT  - Controlled Clinical Trial
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230714
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Nutrients
JT  - Nutrients
JID - 101521595
RN  - 0 (Antioxidants)
RN  - 97C5T2UQ7J (Cholesterol)
RN  - 0 (Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1)
SB  - IM
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Antioxidants/pharmacology
MH  - Cholesterol
MH  - *Garlic
MH  - *Hypercholesterolemia/drug therapy
MH  - Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1
PMC - PMC10385333
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - black garlic
OT  - cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs)
OT  - endothelial adhesion molecules
OT  - nutrition strategies
OT  - organosulfur compounds
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2023/07/29 11:46
MHDA- 2023/07/31 06:43
PMCR- 2023/07/14
CRDT- 2023/07/29 01:36
PHST- 2023/06/22 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/07/04 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/07/11 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/07/31 06:43 [medline]
PHST- 2023/07/29 11:46 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/07/29 01:36 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/07/14 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - nu15143138 [pii]
AID - nutrients-15-03138 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/nu15143138 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Nutrients. 2023 Jul 14;15(14):3138. doi: 10.3390/nu15143138.