PMID- 37517667
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230824
LR  - 20230824
IS  - 1879-1298 (Electronic)
IS  - 0045-6535 (Linking)
VI  - 339
DP  - 2023 Oct
TI  - In five wastewater treatment plants in Xinjiang, China: Removal processes for 
      illicit drugs, their occurrence in receiving river waters, and ecological risk 
      assessment.
PG  - 139668
LID - S0045-6535(23)01935-5 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139668 [doi]
AB  - Residues of illicit drugs are frequently detected in wastewater, but data on 
      their removal efficiency by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the 
      ecological risks to the aquatic environment are lacking in this study. The 
      research evaluates the residues, mass load, drug removal efficiency, and risk 
      assessment of illicit drugs in WWTPs and aquatic environments (lakes) in 
      Xinjiang, China. Initially, the concentration (incidence) and mass load of 10 
      selected illicit drugs were analyzed through wastewater analysis. The detected 
      substances included methamphetamine (METH), morphine (MOR), 3,4-methylenedioxy 
      methamphetamine (MDMA), methadone (MTD), cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine (BE), 
      ketamine (KET), and codeine (COD), with concentrations ranging from 
      0.11 +/- 0.01 ng/L (methadone) to 48.26 +/- 25.05 ng/L (morphine). Notably, morphine 
      (59.74 +/- 5.82 g/day) and methamphetamine (41.81 +/- 4.91 g/day) contributed 
      significantly to the WWTPs. Next, the drug removal efficiency by different sewage 
      treatment processes was ranked as follows: Anaerobic-Oxic (A/O) combined Membrane 
      Bio-Reactor (MBR) treatment process > Oxidation ditch treatment 
      process > Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic (A2/O) treatment process > Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic 
      combined Membrane Bio-Reactor treatment process. Finally, the research reviewed 
      the concentration and toxicity assessments of these substances in the aquatic 
      environment (lakes). The results indicated that Lake1 presented a medium risk 
      level concerning the impact of illicit drugs on the aquatic environment, whereas 
      the other lakes exhibited a low risk level. As a result, it is recommended to 
      conduct long-term monitoring and source analysis of illicit drugs, specifically 
      in Lake1, for further investigation. In conclusion, to enhance the understanding 
      of the effects of illicit drugs on the environment, future research should expand 
      the list of target analytes.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Zhao, Jie
AU  - Zhao J
AD  - School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental 
      Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, 
      Shihezi, 832003, China.
FAU - Lu, Jianjiang
AU  - Lu J
AD  - School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental 
      Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, 
      Shihezi, 832003, China. Electronic address: lujianjiang2021@163.com.
FAU - Zhao, Haijun
AU  - Zhao H
AD  - The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 
      832003, China.
FAU - Yan, Yujun
AU  - Yan Y
AD  - School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental 
      Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, 
      Shihezi, 832003, China.
FAU - Dong, Hongyu
AU  - Dong H
AD  - School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental 
      Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, 
      Shihezi, 832003, China.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230728
PL  - England
TA  - Chemosphere
JT  - Chemosphere
JID - 0320657
RN  - 0 (Wastewater)
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
RN  - 44RAL3456C (Methamphetamine)
RN  - 0 (Morphine Derivatives)
SB  - IM
MH  - Wastewater
MH  - Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods
MH  - *Illicit Drugs/analysis
MH  - Rivers
MH  - *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
MH  - *Methamphetamine/analysis
MH  - *Water Purification/methods
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - Morphine Derivatives/analysis
MH  - China
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Ecological risk assessment
OT  - Illicit drugs
OT  - Removal efficiency
OT  - Wastewater-based epidemiology
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2023/07/31 00:41
MHDA- 2023/08/24 06:42
CRDT- 2023/07/30 19:17
PHST- 2023/05/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/07/24 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/07/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/08/24 06:42 [medline]
PHST- 2023/07/31 00:41 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/07/30 19:17 [entrez]
AID - S0045-6535(23)01935-5 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139668 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Chemosphere. 2023 Oct;339:139668. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139668. Epub 
      2023 Jul 28.