PMID- 37522750
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230914
LR  - 20230915
IS  - 2162-3279 (Electronic)
VI  - 13
IP  - 9
DP  - 2023 Sep
TI  - The effect of background audio and audiovisual stimuli on students' autonomic 
      responses during and after an experimental academic examination.
PG  - e3153
LID - 10.1002/brb3.3153 [doi]
LID - e3153
AB  - BACKGROUND: Due to the Covid-19 pandemic lockdown during the online-distant 
      education period, certain students tended to combine their courses and homework 
      with TV or social media news or other media content, such as classical music, 
      including a wealth of audio and audiovisual stimuli. As the audio and audiovisual 
      stimuli existing in a learning environment may affect students' autonomic nervous 
      system (ANS) responses negatively, the present study aimed to monitor the impact 
      of background TV, classical music, and silence on students' ANS activity 
      represented by heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), blood volume 
      amplitude (BVA), and skin conductance level (SCL) during and after an 
      experimental academic examination. METHOD: Seventy-six students were randomly 
      allocated to background TV, classical music, or silence groups. The experiment 
      with repeated measures design consisted of four consecutive periods: baseline, 
      anticipation, challenge, and recovery, lasting 4 min each. RESULTS: 
      Within-subject analyses indicated significant HRV decrement only in the 
      background TV group. Regardless of the experimental groups, HR and SCL increased 
      while BVA decreased during the task. In addition, the between-subject analysis 
      showed that the background TV group experienced significantly larger changes in 
      HR and HRV parameters compared to the other experimental groups relative to their 
      respective baseline measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, we 
      concluded that relative to classical music and silence, background TV, including 
      audiovisual and verbal stimuli, extant in a learning environment might raise 
      students' sympathetic activity. Further, classical music, without lyrics, may 
      suppress the withdrawal of vagal activity and elevate the autonomic regulation 
      capacity during the academic reading comprehension task. HRV is a more valid and 
      reliable indicator of students' autonomic responses during a challenging academic 
      task.
CI  - (c) 2023 The Authors. Brain and Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
FAU - Balikci, Ilker
AU  - Balikci I
AD  - Faculty of Sports Sciences, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey.
FAU - Tok, Serdar
AU  - Tok S
AD  - Faculty of Sports Sciences, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey.
FAU - Binboga, Erdal
AU  - Binboga E
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1666-7304
AD  - Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Randomized Controlled Trial
DEP - 20230731
PL  - United States
TA  - Brain Behav
JT  - Brain and behavior
JID - 101570837
SB  - IM
MH  - Humans
MH  - Autonomic Nervous System/physiology
MH  - Communicable Disease Control
MH  - *COVID-19
MH  - Heart Rate/physiology
MH  - *Music
MH  - Pandemics
MH  - Students
PMC - PMC10498078
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - academic examinations
OT  - background television
OT  - classical music
OT  - heart rate variability
COIS- The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
EDAT- 2023/07/31 13:09
MHDA- 2023/09/14 06:42
PMCR- 2023/07/31
CRDT- 2023/07/31 09:23
PHST- 2023/06/28 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/04/12 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/06/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/09/14 06:42 [medline]
PHST- 2023/07/31 13:09 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/07/31 09:23 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/07/31 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - BRB33153 [pii]
AID - 10.1002/brb3.3153 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Brain Behav. 2023 Sep;13(9):e3153. doi: 10.1002/brb3.3153. Epub 2023 Jul 31.