PMID- 37525925
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20230801
IS  - 2768-6698 (Electronic)
IS  - 2768-6698 (Linking)
VI  - 28
IP  - 7
DP  - 2023 Jul 27
TI  - Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and 
      Neuroprotective Effects in Diabetic Retinopathy: A Narrative Review.
PG  - 153
LID - 10.31083/j.fbl2807153 [doi]
AB  - Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of type 2 
      Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) that can have vision-threatening consequences, 
      particularly if it advances to the proliferative stage and is left untreated. 
      Owing to the central role of hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, multiple 
      anti-oxidants have been investigated for their therapeutic value. However, there 
      is a lack of substantial data to support the use of any of the compounds tested 
      so far. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), namely docosahexaenoic acid 
      (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have received much acclaim for their 
      positive impact on cardiovascular health outcomes. The anti-oxidative, 
      anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties of PUFAs also make them 
      promising therapeutic and preventive agents for DR. The current evidence is 
      derived mainly from in vitro and animal studies and provides some insight into 
      the underlying mechanisms involved. These fatty acids are capable of direct 
      anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. They also concomitantly promote 
      intrinsic defense mechanisms and recovery, particularly of photoreceptor neurons. 
      Hence, dietary supplementation with PUFAs, mainly from marine sources, can halt 
      and reverse the retinal damage seen in DR. Furthermore, clinical trials have 
      reported improved vision and quality of life in DR patients after 
      supplementation. However, a major limitation of these trials is the use of 
      nutraceutical formulations in which omega-3 PUFAs are combined with other 
      anti-oxidant compounds, thereby preventing the evaluation of omega-3 as 
      standalone treatment. Although the results of experimental studies to date have 
      been promising, more clinical trials are required to determine the full extent of 
      benefits in patients with DR.
CI  - (c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.
FAU - Fathima, Sarah
AU  - Fathima S
AD  - Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, 
      2414 Nicosia, Cyprus.
FAU - Prokopiou, Ekatherine
AU  - Prokopiou E
AD  - Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, 
      2414 Nicosia, Cyprus.
AD  - Ophthalmos Research and Educational Institute, 2417 Nicosia, Cyprus.
FAU - Georgiou, Tassos
AU  - Georgiou T
AD  - Ophthalmos Research and Educational Institute, 2417 Nicosia, Cyprus.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - Singapore
TA  - Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)
JT  - Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)
JID - 101612996
SB  - IM
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - diabetic retinopathy
OT  - docosahexaenoic acid
OT  - eicosapentaenoic acid
OT  - omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2023/08/01 06:45
MHDA- 2023/08/01 06:45
CRDT- 2023/08/01 03:53
PHST- 2023/01/12 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/06/16 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/07/04 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/08/01 06:45 [medline]
PHST- 2023/08/01 06:45 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/08/01 03:53 [entrez]
AID - S2768-6701(23)00952-8 [pii]
AID - 10.31083/j.fbl2807153 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2023 Jul 27;28(7):153. doi: 10.31083/j.fbl2807153.