PMID- 37528891
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20230803
IS  - 2624-9367 (Electronic)
IS  - 2624-9367 (Linking)
VI  - 5
DP  - 2023
TI  - Carbohydrate intake in young female cross-country skiers is lower than 
      recommended and affects competition performance.
PG  - 1196659
LID - 10.3389/fspor.2023.1196659 [doi]
LID - 1196659
AB  - PURPOSE: (1) To evaluate if energy availability (EA), macronutrient intake and 
      body composition change over four training periods in young, highly trained, 
      female cross-country skiers, and (2) to clarify if EA, macronutrient intake, body 
      composition, and competition performance are associated with each other in this 
      cohort. METHODS: During a one-year observational study, 25 female skiers 
      completed 3-day food and training logs during four training periods: preparation, 
      specific preparation, competition, and transition periods. A body composition 
      measurement (bioimpedance analyzer) was performed at the end of the preparation, 
      specific preparation, and competition periods. Competition performance was 
      determined by International Ski Federation (FIS) points gathered from youth 
      national championships. RESULTS: EA (36-40 kcal.kg FFM(-1).d(-1)) and 
      carbohydrate (CHO) intake (4.4-5.1 g.kg(-1).d(-1)) remained similar, and at a 
      suboptimal level, between training periods despite a decrease in exercise energy 
      expenditure (p = 0.002) in the transition period. Higher EA (r = -0.47, 
      p = 0.035) and CHO intake (r = -0.65, p = 0.002) as well as lower FM (r = 0.60, 
      p = 0.006) and F% (r = 0.57, p = 0.011) were associated with lower (better) 
      FIS-points. CHO intake was the best predictor of distance competition performance 
      (R(2) = 0.46, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Young female cross-country skiers had 
      similar EA and CHO intake over four training periods. Both EA and CHO intake were 
      at suboptimal levels for performance and recovery. CHO intake and body 
      composition are important factors influencing competition performance in young 
      female cross-country skiers.
CI  - (c) 2023 Kettunen, Mikkonen, Mursu, Linnamo and Ihalainen.
FAU - Kettunen, Oona
AU  - Kettunen O
AD  - Sports Technology Unit Vuokatti, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University 
      of Jyvaskyla, Vuokatti, Finland.
FAU - Mikkonen, Ritva
AU  - Mikkonen R
AD  - Sports Technology Unit Vuokatti, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University 
      of Jyvaskyla, Vuokatti, Finland.
FAU - Mursu, Jaakko
AU  - Mursu J
AD  - Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, 
      Finland.
FAU - Linnamo, Vesa
AU  - Linnamo V
AD  - Sports Technology Unit Vuokatti, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University 
      of Jyvaskyla, Vuokatti, Finland.
AD  - Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, 
      Finland.
FAU - Ihalainen, Johanna K
AU  - Ihalainen JK
AD  - Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, 
      Finland.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230717
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Front Sports Act Living
JT  - Frontiers in sports and active living
JID - 101765780
PMC - PMC10388101
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - FIS points
OT  - body composition
OT  - endurance sport
OT  - energy availability
OT  - female athlete
OT  - macronutrient
OT  - nutrition
OT  - periodization
COIS- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any 
      commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential 
      conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2023/08/02 06:42
MHDA- 2023/08/02 06:43
PMCR- 2023/07/17
CRDT- 2023/08/02 03:45
PHST- 2023/03/30 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/07/06 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/08/02 06:43 [medline]
PHST- 2023/08/02 06:42 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/08/02 03:45 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/07/17 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.3389/fspor.2023.1196659 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Sports Act Living. 2023 Jul 17;5:1196659. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1196659. 
      eCollection 2023.