PMID- 37570114
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20230814
IS  - 1996-1944 (Print)
IS  - 1996-1944 (Electronic)
IS  - 1996-1944 (Linking)
VI  - 16
IP  - 15
DP  - 2023 Aug 2
TI  - Freeze-Thaw Durability of Basalt Fibre Reinforced Bio-Based Unsaturated Polyester 
      Composite.
LID - 10.3390/ma16155411 [doi]
LID - 5411
AB  - This paper presents an experimental study of the wet freeze-thaw (FT) durability 
      of a fibre-polymer composite produced by vacuum infusion using an innovative 
      bio-based unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) and basalt fibres. As the benchmark, 
      an equivalent composite produced with a conventional (oil-based) UPR was also 
      tested. The composites were preconditioned in water immersion for 30 days at 20 
       degrees C followed by exposure to wet FT for up to 300 cycles; each FT cycle consisted 
      of 3 h in dry freezing condition (-20  degrees C) and 8 h in thawing condition (23  degrees C) 
      submerged in water. The composites' properties were assessed after 
      preconditioning and after 100, 200, and 300 FT cycles, through mechanical 
      (tensile, compressive, in-plane shear, interlaminar shear) and thermomechanical 
      (dynamic mechanical analysis) tests. Gravimetric and scanning electron microscope 
      analyses were also carried out. The results obtained show that the 
      preconditioning stage, involving water immersion, caused most of the damage, with 
      property reductions of 5% to 39% in the bio-composite, while in the oil-composite 
      they ranged between 4% and 22%, being higher for matrix-dominated properties. On 
      the other hand, FT alone had an insignificant effect on the degradation of 
      material properties; after exposure to FT, property recovery was observed, 
      specifically in matrix-dominated properties, such as interlaminar shear strength, 
      which recovered by 12% in the bio-composite during exposure to FT. The overall 
      performance of the bio-composite was inferior to the conventional one, especially 
      during the preconditioning stage, and this was attributed to the hydrophilicity 
      of some of the components of its bio-based resin.
FAU - Shahid, Abu T
AU  - Shahid AT
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-4759-2181
AD  - Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Instituto 
      Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, 
      Portugal.
FAU - Hofmann, Mateus
AU  - Hofmann M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4357-3840
AD  - Composite Construction Laboratory (CCLab), Ecole Polytechnique Federale de 
      Lausanne, BP 2124, Station 16, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
FAU - Garrido, Mario
AU  - Garrido M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2323-0776
AD  - Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Instituto 
      Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, 
      Portugal.
FAU - Correia, Joao R
AU  - Correia JR
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5485-136X
AD  - Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Instituto 
      Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, 
      Portugal.
FAU - Rosa, Ines C
AU  - Rosa IC
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5327-1558
AD  - Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Instituto 
      Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, 
      Portugal.
LA  - eng
GR  - 2022.14149.BD/Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia/
GR  - SFRH/BD/139863/2018/Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia/
GR  - PTDC/ECI-EGC/29597/2017/Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia/
GR  - UIDB/04625/2020/Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230802
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Materials (Basel)
JT  - Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 101555929
PMC - PMC10420292
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - basalt fibre
OT  - bio-based unsaturated polyester resin
OT  - bio-composite
OT  - gravimetric analysis
OT  - mechanical properties
OT  - scanning electron microscopy
OT  - thermomechanical properties
OT  - wet freeze-thaw durability
COIS- The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships 
      which may be considered as potential competing interests: Abu T. Shahid, Mateus 
      Hofmann, Mario Garrido, and Joao R. Correia have patent PCT/PT2022/050019 pending 
      to Instituto Superior Tecnico.
EDAT- 2023/08/12 10:44
MHDA- 2023/08/12 10:44
PMCR- 2023/08/02
CRDT- 2023/08/12 01:14
PHST- 2023/06/16 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/07/19 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/07/26 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/08/12 10:44 [medline]
PHST- 2023/08/12 10:44 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/08/12 01:14 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/08/02 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ma16155411 [pii]
AID - materials-16-05411 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ma16155411 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Materials (Basel). 2023 Aug 2;16(15):5411. doi: 10.3390/ma16155411.