PMID- 37606429
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230823
LR  - 20230830
IS  - 2076-3271 (Electronic)
IS  - 2076-3271 (Linking)
VI  - 11
IP  - 3
DP  - 2023 Aug 15
TI  - Review of the Case Reports on Metformin, Sulfonylurea, and Thiazolidinedione 
      Therapies in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients.
LID - 10.3390/medsci11030050 [doi]
LID - 50
AB  - Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the world's most common metabolic disease. The 
      development of T2DM is mainly caused by a combination of two factors: the failure 
      of insulin secretion by the pancreatic beta-cells and the inability of 
      insulin-sensitive tissues to respond to insulin (insulin resistance); therefore, 
      the disease is indicated by a chronic increase in blood glucose. T2DM patients 
      can be treated with mono- or combined therapy using oral antidiabetic drugs and 
      insulin-replaced agents; however, the medication often leads to various 
      discomforts, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, nausea and 
      vomiting, and hypersensitivity reactions. A biguanide drug, metformin, has been 
      used as a first-line drug to reduce blood sugar levels. Sulfonylureas work by 
      blocking the ATP-sensitive potassium channel, directly inducing the release of 
      insulin from pancreatic beta-cells and thus decreasing blood glucose concentrations. 
      However, the risk of the failure of sulfonylurea as a monotherapy agent is 
      greater than that of metformin or rosiglitazone (a thiazolidinedione drug). 
      Sulfonylureas are used as the first-line drug of choice for DM patients who 
      cannot tolerate metformin therapy. Other antidiabetic drugs, thiazolidinediones, 
      work by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), 
      decreasing the IR level, and increasing the response of beta-cells towards the 
      glucose level. However, thiazolidines may increase the risk of cardiovascular 
      disease, weight gain, water retention, and edema. This review article aims to 
      discuss case reports on the use of metformin, sulfonylureas, and 
      thiazolidinediones in DM patients. The literature search was conducted on the 
      PubMed database using the keywords 'metformin OR sulfonylureas OR 
      thiazolidinediones AND case reports', filtered to 'free full text', 'case 
      reports', and '10 years publication date'. In some patients, metformin may affect 
      sleep quality and, in rare cases, leads to the occurrence of lactate acidosis; 
      thus, patients taking this drug should be monitored for their kidney status, 
      plasma pH, and plasma metformin level. Sulfonylureas and TZDs may cause a higher 
      risk of hypoglycemia and weight gain or edema due to fluid retention. TZDs may be 
      associated with risks of cardiovascular events in patients with concomitant T2DM 
      and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Therefore, patients taking these drugs 
      should be closely monitored for adverse effects.
FAU - Susilawati, Elis
AU  - Susilawati E
AD  - Doctoral Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, 
      Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia.
AD  - Faculty of Pharmacy, Bhakti Kencana University, Bandung 40614, West Java, 
      Indonesia.
FAU - Levita, Jutti
AU  - Levita J
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4578-4174
AD  - Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, 
      Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia.
FAU - Susilawati, Yasmiwar
AU  - Susilawati Y
AD  - Department of Biology Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, 
      Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia.
FAU - Sumiwi, Sri Adi
AU  - Sumiwi SA
AD  - Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, 
      Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
DEP - 20230815
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Med Sci (Basel)
JT  - Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 101629322
RN  - 9100L32L2N (Metformin)
RN  - AA68LXK93C (2,4-thiazolidinedione)
RN  - 0 (Blood Glucose)
RN  - 0 (Thiazolidinediones)
RN  - 0 (Sulfonylurea Compounds)
RN  - 0 (Hypoglycemic Agents)
RN  - 0 (Insulin, Regular, Human)
RN  - 0 (Insulin)
SB  - IM
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
MH  - *Metformin/adverse effects
MH  - Blood Glucose
MH  - *Thiazolidinediones
MH  - Sulfonylurea Compounds/adverse effects
MH  - Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects
MH  - Insulin, Regular, Human
MH  - Insulin
PMC - PMC10443323
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - diabetes mellitus
OT  - glucose homeostasis
OT  - insulin resistance
OT  - pancreatic beta-cells
OT  - sulfonylureas
OT  - thiazolidinediones
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2023/08/22 13:42
MHDA- 2023/08/23 06:42
PMCR- 2023/08/15
CRDT- 2023/08/22 09:14
PHST- 2023/07/10 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/07/29 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/08/09 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/08/23 06:42 [medline]
PHST- 2023/08/22 13:42 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/08/22 09:14 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/08/15 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - medsci11030050 [pii]
AID - medsci-11-00050 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/medsci11030050 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Med Sci (Basel). 2023 Aug 15;11(3):50. doi: 10.3390/medsci11030050.