PMID- 37664841
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230905
LR  - 20230911
IS  - 1664-2392 (Print)
IS  - 1664-2392 (Electronic)
IS  - 1664-2392 (Linking)
VI  - 14
DP  - 2023
TI  - The role of Neurochemicals, Stress Hormones and Immune System in the Positive 
      Feedback Loops between Diabetes, Obesity and Depression.
PG  - 1224612
LID - 10.3389/fendo.2023.1224612 [doi]
LID - 1224612
AB  - Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and depression are significant public health and 
      socioeconomic issues. They commonly co-occur, with T2DM occurring in 11.3% of the 
      US population, while depression has a prevalence of about 9%, with higher rates 
      among youths. Approximately 31% of patients with T2DM suffer from depressive 
      symptoms, with 11.4% having major depressive disorders, which is twice as high as 
      the prevalence of depression in patients without T2DM. Additionally, over 80% of 
      people with T2DM are overweight or obese. This review describes how T2DM and 
      depression can enhance one another, using the same molecular pathways, by 
      synergistically altering the brain's structure and function and reducing the 
      reward obtained from eating. In this article, we reviewed the evidence that 
      eating, especially high-caloric foods, stimulates the limbic system, initiating 
      Reward Deficiency Syndrome. Analogous to other addictive behaviors, neurochemical 
      changes in those with depression and/or T2DM are thought to cause individuals to 
      increase their food intake to obtain the same reward leading to binge eating, 
      weight gain and obesity. Treating the symptoms of T2DM, such as lowering HbA1c, 
      without addressing the underlying pathways has little chance of eliminating the 
      disease. Targeting the immune system, stress circuit, melatonin, and other 
      alterations may be more effective.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2023 Wilson, Epstein, Lopez, Brown, Lutfy and Friedman.
FAU - Wilson, Julian B
AU  - Wilson JB
AD  - Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and 
      Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
FAU - Epstein, Ma'ayan
AU  - Epstein M
AD  - Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and 
      Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
AD  - Psychiatric Emergency Room, Olive View - University of California, Los Angeles 
      (UCLA) Medical Center, Sylmar, CA, United States.
FAU - Lopez, Briana
AU  - Lopez B
AD  - Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and 
      Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
AD  - Friends Research Institute, Cerritos, CA, United States.
FAU - Brown, Amira K
AU  - Brown AK
AD  - Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and 
      Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
FAU - Lutfy, Kabirullah
AU  - Lutfy K
AD  - Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and 
      Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
AD  - College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United 
      States.
FAU - Friedman, Theodore C
AU  - Friedman TC
AD  - Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and 
      Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
AD  - Friends Research Institute, Cerritos, CA, United States.
LA  - eng
GR  - R01 MD012579/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R25 DA050723/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - U54 MD007598/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/United States
GR  - UL1 TR001881/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
PT  - Review
DEP - 20230817
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)
JT  - Frontiers in endocrinology
JID - 101555782
RN  - JL5DK93RCL (Melatonin)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
MH  - Feedback
MH  - Depression
MH  - *Depressive Disorder, Major
MH  - Obesity/complications
MH  - *Melatonin
MH  - Immune System
PMC - PMC10470111
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - depression
OT  - diabetes
OT  - dopamine
OT  - lifestyle medicine
OT  - monoamines
OT  - obesity
OT  - serotonin
COIS- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any 
      commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential 
      conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2023/09/04 06:42
MHDA- 2023/09/05 06:41
PMCR- 2023/01/01
CRDT- 2023/09/04 05:19
PHST- 2023/05/17 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/07/25 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/09/05 06:41 [medline]
PHST- 2023/09/04 06:42 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/09/04 05:19 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.3389/fendo.2023.1224612 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Aug 17;14:1224612. doi: 
      10.3389/fendo.2023.1224612. eCollection 2023.