PMID- 37693812
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20240204
IS  - 2632-1297 (Electronic)
IS  - 2632-1297 (Linking)
VI  - 5
IP  - 5
DP  - 2023
TI  - Depression and HIV: a scoping review in search of neuroimmune biomarkers.
PG  - fcad231
LID - 10.1093/braincomms/fcad231 [doi]
LID - fcad231
AB  - People with HIV are at increased risk for depression, though the neurobiological 
      mechanisms underlying this are unclear. In the last decade, there has been a 
      substantial rise in interest in the contribution of (neuro)inflammation to 
      depression, coupled with rapid advancements in the resolution and sensitivity of 
      biomarker assays such as Luminex, single molecular array and newly developed 
      positron emission tomography radioligands. Numerous pre-clinical and clinical 
      studies have recently leveraged these next-generation immunoassays to identify 
      biomarkers that may be associated with HIV and depression (separately), though 
      few studies have explored these biomarkers in co-occurring HIV and depression. 
      Using a systematic search, we detected 33 publications involving a cumulative N = 
      10 590 participants which tested for associations between depressive symptoms and 
      55 biomarkers of inflammation and related processes in participants living with 
      HIV. Formal meta-analyses were not possible as statistical reporting in the field 
      was highly variable; future studies must fully report test statistics and effect 
      size estimates. The majority of included studies were carried out in the United 
      States, with samples that were primarily older and primarily men. Substantial 
      further work is necessary to diversify the geographical, age, and sex 
      distribution of samples in the field. This review finds that alterations in 
      concentrations of certain biomarkers of neuroinflammation (interleukin-6, tumour 
      necrosis factor-alpha, neopterin) may influence the association between HIV and 
      depression. Equally, the chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) 
      and interleukin-8 (IL-8) or the metabolic index kynurenine:tryptophan (Kyn:Trp), 
      which have been the focus of several studies, do not appear to be associated with 
      depressive symptoms amongst people living with HIV, as all (MCP-1) or most (IL-8 
      and Kyn:Trp) available studies of these biomarkers reported non-significant 
      associations. We propose a biomarker-driven hypothesis of the 
      neuroimmunometabolic mechanisms that may precipitate the increased risk of 
      depression among people with HIV. Chronically activated microglia, which trigger 
      key neuroinflammatory cascades shown to be upregulated in people with HIV, may be 
      the central link connecting HIV infection in the central nervous system with 
      depressive symptoms. Findings from this review may inform research design in 
      future studies of HIV-associated depression and enable concerted efforts towards 
      biomarker discovery.
CI  - (c) The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the 
      Guarantors of Brain.
FAU - Mudra Rakshasa-Loots, Arish
AU  - Mudra Rakshasa-Loots A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1860-3865
AD  - Edinburgh Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of 
      Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
AD  - Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu (FAMCRU), Tygerberg Hospital, Department 
      of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South 
      Africa.
AD  - Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, 
      University of Sussex, Brighton BN2 5BE, UK.
LA  - eng
GR  - WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20230825
PL  - England
TA  - Brain Commun
JT  - Brain communications
JID - 101755125
PMC - PMC10489482
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - human immunodeficiency virus
OT  - immunometabolism
OT  - major depressive disorder
OT  - neuroinflammation
OT  - therapeutic targets
COIS- The author(s) declare no competing financial interests.
EDAT- 2023/09/11 06:43
MHDA- 2023/09/11 06:44
PMCR- 2023/08/25
CRDT- 2023/09/11 04:59
PHST- 2023/01/17 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/07/13 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/08/23 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/09/11 06:44 [medline]
PHST- 2023/09/11 06:43 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/09/11 04:59 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/08/25 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - fcad231 [pii]
AID - 10.1093/braincomms/fcad231 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Brain Commun. 2023 Aug 25;5(5):fcad231. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad231. 
      eCollection 2023.