PMID- 37711360
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20230917
IS  - 2214-7500 (Electronic)
IS  - 2214-7500 (Linking)
VI  - 11
DP  - 2023 Dec
TI  - Pesticides in vegetable production in Bangladesh: A systemic review of 
      contamination levels and associated health risks in the last decade.
PG  - 199-211
LID - 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.09.003 [doi]
AB  - This paper reviewed the published data on the levels of different pesticide 
      residues in vegetables (tomato, eggplant, beans, gourds, cauliflower, cabbage, 
      cucumber, potato, carrot, onion, red chilli, red amaranth, lady's finger, 
      spinach, coriander, and lettuce) from Bangladesh in the last decade. Vegetable 
      production in Bangladesh has increased tremendously (37.63%) compared to the last 
      decades, along with its pesticide use. The most observed pesticide groups used in 
      vegetable production were organophosphorus, pyrethroids, carbamate, 
      organochlorine, nereistoxin analogue group, and neonicotinoids. More 
      specifically, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, diazinon, and malathion were the most 
      used pesticides. More than 29% of the vegetable samples (1577) were contaminated 
      with pesticide residue; among the contaminated samples (458), most cases (73%) 
      exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs). The pesticide-contaminated vegetables 
      were cucumber (51%), tomato (41%), cauliflower (31%), miscellaneous vegetables 
      (36%), eggplant (29%), beans (23%), cabbage (18%), and gourds (16%). Among the 
      pesticide-contaminated samples, vegetables with above MRL were gourds (100%), 
      beans (92), tomato (78%), eggplant (73%), miscellaneous vegetables (69%), 
      cucumber (62%), cabbage (50%), cauliflower (50%) (p < 0.05). It was also observed 
      that a single vegetable was often contaminated with multiple pesticides, and 
      farmers did not follow a proper withdrawal period while using pesticides. Hazard 
      quotation (HQ>1) was observed in adolescents and adults in tomato, eggplant, 
      beans, cauliflower, cabbage, cucumber, lady's finger, lettuce, and coriander. 
      There was no health risk observed (HQ<1) in gourds, potato, carrot, onion, red 
      chilli, red amaranth, spinach, and okra. The highest acute and chronic HQ (aHQ, 
      cHQ) was observed for cypermethrin (bean) in adolescents (aHQ=255, cHQ= 510) and 
      adults (aHQ=131, cHQ=263). It was also observed that these pesticides harmed air, 
      soil, water, and non-target organisms. Nevertheless, the review will help the 
      government develop policies that reduce pesticide use and raise people's 
      awareness of its harmful effects.
CI  - (c) 2023 The Authors.
FAU - Khatun, Popy
AU  - Khatun P
AD  - Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh 
      Agricultural University, Bangladesh.
FAU - Islam, Arup
AU  - Islam A
AD  - Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh.
FAU - Sachi, Sabbya
AU  - Sachi S
AD  - Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh 
      Agricultural University, Bangladesh.
FAU - Islam, Md Zahorul
AU  - Islam MZ
AD  - Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh 
      Agricultural University, Bangladesh.
FAU - Islam, Purba
AU  - Islam P
AD  - Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh 
      Agricultural University, Bangladesh.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20230909
PL  - Ireland
TA  - Toxicol Rep
JT  - Toxicology reports
JID - 101630272
PMC - PMC10497734
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Contamination
OT  - Health Risks
OT  - Maximum Residue Limits
OT  - Pesticides
OT  - Vegetables
COIS- The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or 
      personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in 
      this paper.
EDAT- 2023/09/15 06:43
MHDA- 2023/09/15 06:44
PMCR- 2023/09/09
CRDT- 2023/09/15 03:49
PHST- 2023/07/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/08/26 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/09/04 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/09/15 06:44 [medline]
PHST- 2023/09/15 06:43 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/09/15 03:49 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/09/09 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S2214-7500(23)00095-1 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.09.003 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Toxicol Rep. 2023 Sep 9;11:199-211. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.09.003. 
      eCollection 2023 Dec.