PMID- 37729079
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20231102
LR  - 20231102
IS  - 1091-7691 (Electronic)
IS  - 0895-8378 (Linking)
VI  - 35
IP  - 9-10
DP  - 2023 Jan-Dec
TI  - Real-time characterization of chemical threat agent aerosols for improvement of 
      inhalation studies.
PG  - 254-265
LID - 10.1080/08958378.2023.2254323 [doi]
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Deliberate or accidental release of chemical treat agents in the 
      aerosol form can cause an inhalation hazard. Since the relationship between 
      aerosol properties and health hazards is poorly understood, research into the 
      toxicological consequences of exposure to aerosols is needed. The aim of the 
      present study was to improve the characterization of particles for inhalation 
      studies. METHODS: Several aerosol measurement technologies were compared for 
      their potential to physically and chemically characterize particles in the 
      inhalation size range in real-time. For that purpose, we compared the performance 
      of an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS), a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) 
      and an electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI) in an experimental set-up in which 
      particles were generated by a Collison nebulizer and subsequently delivered into 
      a nose-only inhalation exposure system. RESULTS: We found that more than 95% of 
      the number of particles, equating to more than 83% of the mass generated by the 
      6-jet Collison nebulizer, were below 0.5 microm. To characterize the entire size 
      range, the APS as single detector has only limited value, therefore the addition 
      of supplementary instrumentation such as the SMPS or the ELPI is required. After 
      real-time measurements in the size range of 30 nm to 10 microm, ex-situ 
      chromatographic chemical analysis is essential for quantification of the 
      delivered mass concentration. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the present work 
      demonstrates the utility of the ELPI technology, in combination with off-line 
      analysis, for characterizing aerosols with various size, shape, charge, and 
      composition. This makes the aerosol generation and analysis suite described a 
      promising tool for quantitative inhalation exposure studies.
FAU - de Bruin-Hoegee, Mirjam
AU  - de Bruin-Hoegee M
AD  - Department of CBRN Protection, TNO Defence, Safety and Security, Rijswijk, The 
      Netherlands.
AD  - van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 
      The Netherlands.
FAU - Alkema, Duurt P W
AU  - Alkema DPW
AD  - Department of CBRN Protection, TNO Defence, Safety and Security, Rijswijk, The 
      Netherlands.
FAU - Busker, Ruud W
AU  - Busker RW
AD  - Department of CBRN Protection, TNO Defence, Safety and Security, Rijswijk, The 
      Netherlands.
FAU - Joosen, Marloes J A
AU  - Joosen MJA
AD  - Department of CBRN Protection, TNO Defence, Safety and Security, Rijswijk, The 
      Netherlands.
FAU - van Wuijckhuijse, Arjan L
AU  - van Wuijckhuijse AL
AD  - Department of CBRN Protection, TNO Defence, Safety and Security, Rijswijk, The 
      Netherlands.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230920
PL  - England
TA  - Inhal Toxicol
JT  - Inhalation toxicology
JID - 8910739
RN  - 0 (Aerosols)
SB  - IM
MH  - Particle Size
MH  - Aerosols/analysis
MH  - Administration, Inhalation
MH  - *Nebulizers and Vaporizers
OAB - Multiple analysis techniques were applied for real-time aerosol 
      characterizationAerosol size distributions are characterized for inhalation 
      exposure studies.Analytical analysis following ELPI measurements is essential for 
      mass quantification.
OABL- eng
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Aerosol generation
OT  - ELPI
OT  - aerosol characterization
OT  - chemical threat agents
OT  - inhalation exposure
OT  - particle distribution
EDAT- 2023/09/20 18:42
MHDA- 2023/09/20 18:43
CRDT- 2023/09/20 12:53
PHST- 2023/09/20 18:43 [medline]
PHST- 2023/09/20 18:42 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/09/20 12:53 [entrez]
AID - 10.1080/08958378.2023.2254323 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Inhal Toxicol. 2023 Jan-Dec;35(9-10):254-265. doi: 10.1080/08958378.2023.2254323. 
      Epub 2023 Sep 20.