PMID- 37777082
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20231106
LR  - 20231106
IS  - 1873-6351 (Electronic)
IS  - 0278-6915 (Linking)
VI  - 181
DP  - 2023 Nov
TI  - Global review, meta-analysis and health risk assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic 
      Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in chicken kebab using Monte Carlo simulation method.
PG  - 114063
LID - S0278-6915(23)00465-9 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114063 [doi]
AB  - The primary concern with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) is their harmful 
      effects on health, including the risk of causing cancer. This study aimed to 
      investigate the occurrence and concentration of 16 priority PAHs (PAH16) in 
      chicken kebabs using a systematic review approach with meta-analysis. 
      Additionally, the study estimated the possible risk assessment of the potential 
      carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects of PAHs on consumers of chicken kebabs 
      using the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method. The researchers collected data on 
      the concentration of PAHs in chicken kebabs (grilled, smoked, roasted, or 
      barbecued) from 99 original articles searched in the Web of Science, PubMed, 
      Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases from 2012 to April 2022. The 
      concentration of PAHs was then analyzed using meta-analysis, and the Monte Carlo 
      simulation (MCS) was used to evaluate the associated human health risks. The 
      analysis showed that 68.6%, 21.1%, 7.1%, and 3.2% of chicken kebabs were prepared 
      by grilling, smoking, barbecuing, and roasting, respectively. The meta-analysis 
      and health risk assessment indicated that the mean values of HQ (hazard quotient) 
      in Bap, Ace, Acy, Pyr, Flt, Flr, Nap, and Ant PAHs were 1.64, 1.38 x 10;(-2), 
      1.10 x 10;(-1), 1.09 x 10;(-1), 2.55 x 10;(-2), 1.60 x 10;(-1), 8.13 x 10;(-1), 
      and 6.20 x 10;(-3), respectively. Additionally, the mean values of LTCR 
      (Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk) in Bap, Ace, Acy, Pyr, Flt, Flr, Nap, and Ant 
      were 4.85 x 10;(-10), 8.06 x 10;(-13), 6.65 x 10;(-12), 3.23 x 10;(-12), 
      1.01 x 10;(-12), 6.38 x 10;(-12), 1.62 x 10;(-11), and 6.20 x 10;(-3), 
      respectively. The consumption of chicken kebabs prepared by barbecuing was found 
      to be associated with an increased risk of cancer due to the formation of 
      carcinogenic compounds, including benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). However, the non-cancer 
      risk ratio of consuming grilled chicken other than BaP was found to be less than 
      1 (HQ < 1), indicating that there is no risk of carcinogenesis caused by PAHs 
      from the consumption of chicken kebabs worldwide. The calculated values of the 
      LTCR caused by PAHs in the consumption of chicken kebab throughout life were 
      compared to the maximum acceptable risk value suggested by the EPA, which in the 
      strictest case equals one cancer case per 10,000 people. The results indicate 
      that there is no risk of carcinogenesis caused by PAHs due to the consumption of 
      chicken kebab worldwide.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Mortezazadeh, Fatemeh
AU  - Mortezazadeh F
AD  - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran 
      University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
FAU - Babanezhad, Esmaeil
AU  - Babanezhad E
AD  - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran 
      University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
FAU - Niknejad, Hadi
AU  - Niknejad H
AD  - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Shahid 
      Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
FAU - Gholami-Borujeni, Fathollah
AU  - Gholami-Borujeni F
AD  - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran 
      University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Electronic address: 
      gholami_b_f@yahoo.com.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Meta-Analysis
PT  - Review
PT  - Systematic Review
DEP - 20230929
PL  - England
TA  - Food Chem Toxicol
JT  - Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British 
      Industrial Biological Research Association
JID - 8207483
RN  - 0 (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)
RN  - 0 (Carcinogens)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/toxicity/analysis
MH  - Chickens
MH  - Monte Carlo Method
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - *Neoplasms/epidemiology
MH  - Carcinogens/toxicity/analysis
MH  - Carcinogenesis
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Chicken kebabs
OT  - Iran
OT  - Meta-analysis
OT  - Monte Carlo simulation (MCS)
OT  - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
OT  - Risk assessment
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial 
      interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing 
      interests: Fathollah Gholami-Borujeni reports financial support was provided by 
      Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
EDAT- 2023/10/01 04:44
MHDA- 2023/11/06 06:42
CRDT- 2023/09/30 19:16
PHST- 2023/06/30 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/09/19 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/09/23 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/11/06 06:42 [medline]
PHST- 2023/10/01 04:44 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/09/30 19:16 [entrez]
AID - S0278-6915(23)00465-9 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114063 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Food Chem Toxicol. 2023 Nov;181:114063. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114063. Epub 2023 
      Sep 29.