PMID- 37799715 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20231027 LR - 20231027 IS - 1664-3224 (Electronic) IS - 1664-3224 (Linking) VI - 14 DP - 2023 TI - Development and evaluation of nanobody tracers for noninvasive nuclear imaging of the immune-checkpoint TIGIT. PG - 1268900 LID - 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1268900 [doi] LID - 1268900 AB - INTRODUCTION: T cell Ig and ITIM domain receptor (TIGIT) is a next-generation immune checkpoint predominantly expressed on activated T cells and NK cells, exhibiting an unfavorable prognostic association with various malignancies. Despite the emergence of multiple TIGIT-blocking agents entering clinical trials, only a fraction of patients responded positively to anti-TIGIT therapy. Consequently, an urgent demand arises for noninvasive techniques to quantify and monitor TIGIT expression, facilitating patient stratification and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Small antigen binding moieties such as nanobodies, are promising candidates for such tracer development. METHODS: We generated a panel of anti-human or anti-mouse TIGIT nanobodies from immunized llamas. In addition, we designed a single-chain variable fragment derived from the clinically tested monoclonal antibody Vibostolimab targeting TIGIT, and assessed its performance alongside the nanobodies. In vitro characterization studies were performed, including binding ability and affinity to cell expressed or recombinant TIGIT. After Technetium-99m labeling, the nanobodies and the single-chain variable fragment were evaluated in vivo for their ability to detect TIGIT expression using SPECT/CT imaging, followed by ex vivo biodistribution analysis. RESULTS: Nine nanobodies were selected for binding to recombinant and cell expressed TIGIT with low sub-nanomolar affinities and are thermostable. A six-fold higher uptake in TIGIT-overexpressing tumor was demonstrated one hour post- injection with Technetium-99m labeled nanobodies compared to an irrelevant control nanobody. Though the single-chain variable fragment exhibited superior binding to TIGIT-expressing peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro, its in vivo behavior yielded lower tumor-to-background ratios at one hour post- injection, indicating that nanobodies are better suited for in vivo imaging than the single-chain variable fragment. Despite the good affinity, high specificity and on-target uptake in mice in this setting, imaging of TIGIT expression on tumor- infiltrating lymphocytes within MC38 tumors remained elusive. This is likely due to the low expression levels of TIGIT in this model. DISCUSSION: The excellent affinity, high specificity and rapid on-target uptake in mice bearing TIGIT- overexpressing tumors showed the promising diagnostic potential of nanobodies to noninvasively image high TIGIT expression within the tumor. These findings hold promise for clinical translation to aid patient selection and improve therapy response. CI - Copyright (c) 2023 Zeven, De Groof, Ceuppens, Awad, Ertveldt, de Mey, Meeus, Raes, Breckpot and Devoogdt. FAU - Zeven, Katty AU - Zeven K AD - Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Therapy (MITH), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium. FAU - De Groof, Timo W M AU - De Groof TWM AD - Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Therapy (MITH), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium. FAU - Ceuppens, Hannelore AU - Ceuppens H AD - Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy (LMCT), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium. FAU - Awad, Robin Maximilian AU - Awad RM AD - Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy (LMCT), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium. FAU - Ertveldt, Thomas AU - Ertveldt T AD - Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy (LMCT), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium. FAU - de Mey, Wout AU - de Mey W AD - Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy (LMCT), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium. FAU - Meeus, Fien AU - Meeus F AD - Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy (LMCT), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium. FAU - Raes, Geert AU - Raes G AD - Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium. AD - Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium. FAU - Breckpot, Karine AU - Breckpot K AD - Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy (LMCT), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium. FAU - Devoogdt, Nick AU - Devoogdt N AD - Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Therapy (MITH), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20230920 PL - Switzerland TA - Front Immunol JT - Frontiers in immunology JID - 101560960 RN - 7440-26-8 (Technetium) RN - 0 (Single-Chain Antibodies) RN - 0 (Single-Domain Antibodies) RN - 0 (Receptors, Immunologic) RN - 0 (TIGIT protein, human) SB - IM MH - Animals MH - Mice MH - Humans MH - Technetium MH - *Single-Chain Antibodies MH - *Single-Domain Antibodies/chemistry MH - Tissue Distribution MH - Leukocytes, Mononuclear MH - Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon MH - *Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging MH - Receptors, Immunologic PMC - PMC10548220 OTO - NOTNLM OT - TIGIT OT - immune checkpoint (ICP) OT - nanobodies OT - noninvasive diagnosis OT - nuclear imaging OT - tracer development COIS- GR and ND are founders and shareholders in Abscint NV/SA. GR, ND and KB hold patents related to Nanobody imaging and therapy. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were editorial board members of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision. EDAT- 2023/10/06 06:43 MHDA- 2023/10/27 06:42 PMCR- 2023/01/01 CRDT- 2023/10/06 03:55 PHST- 2023/07/28 00:00 [received] PHST- 2023/09/04 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2023/10/27 06:42 [medline] PHST- 2023/10/06 06:43 [pubmed] PHST- 2023/10/06 03:55 [entrez] PHST- 2023/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1268900 [doi] PST - epublish SO - Front Immunol. 2023 Sep 20;14:1268900. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1268900. eCollection 2023.