PMID- 37810801
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20231018
IS  - 2405-8440 (Print)
IS  - 2405-8440 (Electronic)
IS  - 2405-8440 (Linking)
VI  - 9
IP  - 10
DP  - 2023 Oct
TI  - A review on the fate and effects of contaminants in biosolids applied on land: 
      Hazards and government regulatory policies.
PG  - e19788
LID - 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19788 [doi]
LID - e19788
AB  - The increase in world population growth and its resultant increase in industrial 
      production to meet its need, have continued to raise the volume of wastewater 
      received by treatment plant facilities. This has expectedly, led to an upsurge in 
      the volume of sewage sludge and biosolids generated from wastewater treatment 
      systems. Biosolids are best managed by application on land because of their 
      agronomic benefits. However, this usage has been discovered to negatively affect 
      humans and impact the environment due to the accumulation of minute 
      concentrations of contaminants still present in the biosolid after treatment, 
      hence the need for government regulations. This review article examined the fate 
      and effects of pollutants, especially persistent organic pollutants (PoPs) of 
      concern and emerging contaminants found in biosolids used for land applications, 
      and also discussed government regulations on biosolid reuse from the perspectives 
      of the two major regulations governing biosolid land application-the EU's Sludge 
      Directive and USEPA's Part 503 Rule, in an attempt to draw attention to their 
      outdated contents since enactment, as they do not currently meet the challenges 
      of biosolid land application and thus, require a comprehensive update. Any update 
      efforts should focus on USEPA's Part 503 Rule, which is less stringent on the 
      allowable concentration of biosolid pollutants. Furthermore, an update should 
      include specific regulations on new and emerging contaminants and persistent 
      organic pollutants (PoPs) such as microplastics, pharmaceutical and personal care 
      products (P&PCPs), surfactants, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, flame retardants, 
      pathogens, and organic pollutants; further reduction of heavy metal standard 
      limits, and consideration of soil phosphate-metal interactions to regulate 
      biosolid agronomic loading rate. Future biosolid research should focus on the 
      concentration of TCS, TCC, and emerging pharmaceuticals, as well as Microplastic 
      transport in biosolid-amended soils, soil-plant transfer mechanism, and 
      metabolism of PFAs in the soils; all of which will inform government policies on 
      biosolid application on land.
CI  - (c) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
FAU - Popoola, Lekan Taofeek
AU  - Popoola LT
AD  - Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Afe Babalola University, 
      Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
FAU - Olawale, Theophilus Ogunwumi
AU  - Olawale TO
AD  - Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka, 
      Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria.
AD  - Environmental Engineering Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, 
      Lagos State University, Epe, Lagos State, Nigeria.
FAU - Salami, Lukumon
AU  - Salami L
AD  - Environmental Engineering Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, 
      Lagos State University, Epe, Lagos State, Nigeria.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20230924
PL  - England
TA  - Heliyon
JT  - Heliyon
JID - 101672560
PMC - PMC10556614
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Agronomic loading rate
OT  - Biosolid
OT  - Effect of contaminants
OT  - Government regulation
OT  - Land application
COIS- The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or 
      personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in 
      this paper.
EDAT- 2023/10/09 12:43
MHDA- 2023/10/09 12:44
PMCR- 2023/09/24
CRDT- 2023/10/09 06:08
PHST- 2022/12/26 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/08/31 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/08/31 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/10/09 12:44 [medline]
PHST- 2023/10/09 12:43 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/10/09 06:08 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/09/24 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S2405-8440(23)06996-7 [pii]
AID - e19788 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19788 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Heliyon. 2023 Sep 24;9(10):e19788. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19788. 
      eCollection 2023 Oct.