PMID- 37820874
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20231101
LR  - 20231101
IS  - 1879-1298 (Electronic)
IS  - 0045-6535 (Linking)
VI  - 344
DP  - 2023 Dec
TI  - Fully bio-based and intrinsically flame retardant unsaturated polyester 
      cross-linked with isosorbide-based diluents.
PG  - 140371
LID - S0045-6535(23)02641-3 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140371 [doi]
AB  - Unsaturated polyester resins (UPR) are composed of prepolymers and styrene 
      diluents, while the former are produced by co-polycondensation between diol, 
      unsaturated diacid and saturated diacid. In this work, bio-based UPR prepolymers 
      were synthesized from bio-based oxalic acid, itaconic acid, and ethylene glycol, 
      which were then diluted with bio-based isosorbide methacrylate (MI). Meanwhile, 
      the phenylphosphonate were introduced into the molecular chains of prepolymers to 
      achieve intrinsic flame retardancy of bio-based UPR. The potential of the 
      reactive MI diluents as substitutes of volatile styrene, was also assessed 
      through the volatility test, curing kinetics and gel contents analysis. For UPR 
      materials with styrene diluents, the UPR materials can achieve UL-94 V(0) level 
      and the 28% of limiting oxygen index (LOI) with 2.63 wt% of phosphorus contents. 
      By contrast, the UPR materials with MI diluents can reach UL-94 V(0) level with 
      only 2.14 wt% of phosphorus contents. As the phosphorus contents were further 
      increased to 2.63 wt%, UPR materials can achieve highest 29%, while the peak of 
      heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) were decreased by 68.01% 
      and 48.62%, respectively. The Flame Retardancy Index (FRI) was also used to 
      comprehensively evaluate the flame retardant performance of UPR composites. 
      Compared with neat UPR, the composites with MI diluents and phosphorus containing 
      structures increased from 1.00 to 6.46. The mechanism for improved flame 
      retardancy was analyzed from gaseous and condensed phase. Additionally, the 
      tensile strengths of bio-based UPR materials with styrene and MI diluents were 
      studied. This work provides an effective method to prepared high-performance and 
      fully bio-based UPR materials with improved flame retardant properties and safety 
      application of reactive diluents.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
FAU - Chu, Fukai
AU  - Chu F
AD  - State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of 
      China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China. Electronic address: chufk@ustc.edu.cn.
FAU - Wang, Wei
AU  - Wang W
AD  - School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South 
      Wales, Australia.
FAU - Zhou, Yifan
AU  - Zhou Y
AD  - State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of 
      China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
FAU - Xu, Zhoumei
AU  - Xu Z
AD  - State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of 
      China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
FAU - Zou, Bin
AU  - Zou B
AD  - State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of 
      China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
FAU - Jiang, Xin
AU  - Jiang X
AD  - State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of 
      China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
FAU - Hu, Yandong
AU  - Hu Y
AD  - State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of 
      China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
FAU - Hu, Weizhao
AU  - Hu W
AD  - State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of 
      China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China. Electronic address: hwz1988@ustc.edu.cn.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20231009
PL  - England
TA  - Chemosphere
JT  - Chemosphere
JID - 0320657
RN  - 0 (Polyesters)
RN  - 0 (Flame Retardants)
RN  - 0 (Excipients)
RN  - WXR179L51S (Isosorbide)
RN  - 9E7R5L6H31 (Oxalic Acid)
RN  - 27YLU75U4W (Phosphorus)
RN  - 0 (Styrenes)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Polyesters
MH  - *Flame Retardants
MH  - Excipients
MH  - Isosorbide
MH  - Oxalic Acid
MH  - Phosphorus
MH  - Styrenes
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Bio-based
OT  - Flame retardant
OT  - Mechanism
OT  - Reactive diluents
OT  - Unsaturated polyester resin
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2023/10/12 00:43
MHDA- 2023/11/01 12:45
CRDT- 2023/10/11 19:38
PHST- 2023/05/24 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/09/05 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/10/04 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/11/01 12:45 [medline]
PHST- 2023/10/12 00:43 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/10/11 19:38 [entrez]
AID - S0045-6535(23)02641-3 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140371 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Chemosphere. 2023 Dec;344:140371. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140371. Epub 
      2023 Oct 9.