PMID- 37831282 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20231123 LR - 20240102 IS - 1896-1851 (Electronic) IS - 1230-2821 (Linking) VI - 68 IP - 4 DP - 2023 Dec TI - Antimalarial Activity of Anacardium occidentale Leaf Extracts Against Plasmodium falciparum Transketolase (PfTK). PG - 832-841 LID - 10.1007/s11686-023-00718-6 [doi] AB - BACKGROUND: As per estimates by WHO in 2021 almost half of the world's population was at risk of malaria and > 0.6 million deaths were attributed to malaria. Therefore, the present study was aimed to explore the antimalarial activity of extracts derived from the leaves of the plant Anacardium occidentale L., which has been used traditionally for the treatment of malaria. Different extracts of A. occidentale leaves were prepared and tested for their inhibitory activity against recombinant P. falciparum transketolase (rPfTK) enzyme, in vitro. Further, growth inhibitory activity against cultivated blood stage P. falciparum parasites (3D7 strain), was studied using SYBR Green fluorescence-based in vitro assays. Acute toxicity of the hydro alcoholic extracts of leaves of A. occidentale (HELA) at different concentrations was evaluated on mice and Zebra fish embryos. HELA showed 75.45 +/- 0.35% inhibitory activity against the recombinant PfTk and 99.31 +/- 0.08% growth inhibition against intra-erythrocytic stages of P. falciparum at the maximum concentration (50 microg/ml) with IC(50) of 4.17 +/- 0.22 microg/ml. The toxicity test results showed that the heartbeat, somite formation, tail detachment and hatching of embryos were not affected when Zebra fish embryos were treated with 0.1 to 10 microg/ml of the extract. However, at higher concentrations of the extract, at 48 h (1000 microg/ml) and 96 h (100 microg/ml and 1000 microg/ml, respectively) there was no heartbeat in the fish embryos. In the acute oral toxicity tests performed on mice, the extract showed no toxicity up to 300 mg/kg body weight in mice. CONCLUSION: The hydro-alcoholic extract of leaves of A. occidentale L. showed potent antimalarial activity against blood stage P. falciparum. Based on the observed inhibitory activity on the transketolase enzyme of P. falciparum it is likely that this enzyme is the target for the development of bioactive molecules present in the plant extracts. The promising anti-malarial activity of purified compounds from leaves of A. occidentale needs to be further explored for development of new anti-malarial therapy. CI - (c) 2023. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences. FAU - Kaushik, Meenakshi AU - Kaushik M AD - Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases and Translation Research, ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India. FAU - Hoti, Sugeerappa L AU - Hoti SL AD - Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases and Translation Research, ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India. FAU - Saxena, Jitendra Kumar AU - Saxena JK AD - Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India. FAU - Hingamire, Tejashri AU - Hingamire T AD - Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India. AD - Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India. FAU - Shanmugam, Dhanasekaran AU - Shanmugam D AD - Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India. AD - Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India. FAU - Joshi, Rajesh K AU - Joshi RK AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1580-1700 AD - Department of Natural Product Chemistry, ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India. joshirk_natprod@yahoo.com. FAU - Metgud, Sharada C AU - Metgud SC AD - Department of Microbiology, JNMC KLE University Campus, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India. FAU - Ungar, Banappa AU - Ungar B AD - Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India. FAU - Singh, Ishwar AU - Singh I AD - Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases and Translation Research, ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India. FAU - Hegde, Harsha V AU - Hegde HV AD - Department of Ethnomedicine, ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India. LA - eng GR - SR/WOS-A/LS-456/2016/Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi/ PT - Journal Article DEP - 20231013 PL - Switzerland TA - Acta Parasitol JT - Acta parasitologica JID - 9301947 RN - 0 (Antimalarials) RN - EC 2.2.1.1 (Transketolase) RN - 0 (Plant Extracts) SB - IM MH - Animals MH - Mice MH - *Antimalarials/toxicity MH - Plasmodium falciparum MH - Transketolase/therapeutic use MH - *Anacardium MH - Zebrafish MH - *Malaria/drug therapy/parasitology MH - *Malaria, Falciparum/drug therapy MH - Plant Extracts/pharmacology OTO - NOTNLM OT - Anacardium occidentale L OT - Antimalarial activity OT - Malaria OT - Plasmodium falciparum OT - Transketolase EDAT- 2023/10/13 12:43 MHDA- 2023/11/23 06:42 CRDT- 2023/10/13 11:12 PHST- 2023/01/31 00:00 [received] PHST- 2023/08/22 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2023/11/23 06:42 [medline] PHST- 2023/10/13 12:43 [pubmed] PHST- 2023/10/13 11:12 [entrez] AID - 10.1007/s11686-023-00718-6 [pii] AID - 10.1007/s11686-023-00718-6 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Acta Parasitol. 2023 Dec;68(4):832-841. doi: 10.1007/s11686-023-00718-6. Epub 2023 Oct 13.