PMID- 37842498
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20231020
IS  - 2168-8184 (Print)
IS  - 2168-8184 (Electronic)
IS  - 2168-8184 (Linking)
VI  - 15
IP  - 9
DP  - 2023 Sep
TI  - The Changing Global Epidemiology of Re-emerging Human Monkeypox Virus Infection: 
      A Systematic Review.
PG  - e45123
LID - 10.7759/cureus.45123 [doi]
LID - e45123
AB  - Human monkeypox virus (MPVX) infection represents an emerging zoonotic disease 
      caused by an orthopoxvirus, resulting in a condition reminiscent of smallpox. 
      More recent developments have witnessed a notable surge in global MPVX outbreaks, 
      eliciting significant concerns. We aimed to investigate the epidemiological 
      factors of the emerging human monkeypox virus infection, including the number of 
      suspected, confirmed, and fatal cases, as well as the risk factors for 
      contracting monkeypox infection. We performed a systematic review of 
      peer-reviewed literature by following the Preferred Reporting Items for 
      Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. An electronic database 
      search (PubMed, Wiley Online Library, and Science Direct) was undertaken. For 
      monkeypox-related studies, we included 25 peer-reviewed articles from 2018 and 
      2022, and data were extracted on the current evidence on the cases and the risk 
      factors for MPVX infection, to develop public health advisories. Our reports show 
      a rapid rise of MPVX cases in the highly endemic African regions after the 1970s, 
      spread to other countries, and an increase in the median age from young children 
      to young adults. The cessation of smallpox vaccination might have been one of the 
      factors responsible for these findings. As of 2022, the genomic sequences of ten 
      MPVX strains associated with the recent countrywide outbreak have been 
      determined. While the West African Clade has been primarily implicated in the 
      recent viral surge, data were insufficient to determine which mutation 
      contributed to increased transmissibility. In the Democratic Republic of the 
      Congo (DRC), sleeping on the floor was significantly associated with contracting 
      MPVX, while eating or processing of animal foods was not a significant risk 
      factor. In the United States, cleaning the cages and bedding of sick animals, 
      touching infected animals, and daily exposure to sick animals were associated 
      with an increased probability of contracting the MPVX infection. Recent global 
      outbreaks and the rising incidence of MPVX infections among young adults in the 
      endemic zones might be a result of the cessation of the smallpox vaccine. The 
      increased risk associated with exposure to sick animals or sleeping on the floor 
      suggests high infectivity from animal excretions. Increasing awareness, strict 
      surveillance, and contact tracing can help contain global outbreaks. The ring 
      vaccination approach for exposed individuals is another potential disease 
      containment strategy. Future studies should investigate measures for rapid 
      laboratory diagnosis, maintaining lab safety, and transmissibility.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2023, Sham et al.
FAU - Sham, Sunder
AU  - Sham S
AD  - Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New 
      York, USA.
FAU - Sapna, Fnu
AU  - Sapna F
AD  - Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, 
      USA.
FAU - Anjali, Fnu
AU  - Anjali F
AD  - Internal Medicine, Sakhi Baba General Hospital, Sukkur, PAK.
FAU - Kumar, Sanjay
AU  - Kumar S
AD  - Gastroentrology, Bahria University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK.
FAU - Podder, Vivek
AU  - Podder V
AD  - General Medicine, Tairunnessa Memorial Medical College and Hospital, Gazipur, 
      BGD.
FAU - Jaladi, Soumya
AU  - Jaladi S
AD  - Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA.
FAU - Bendari, Ahmed
AU  - Bendari A
AD  - Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New 
      York, USA.
FAU - Al-Refai, Reham
AU  - Al-Refai R
AD  - Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New 
      York, USA.
FAU - Baloch, Manal M
AU  - Baloch MM
AD  - Internal Medicine, Bahria University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK.
FAU - Abdelwahed, Mohammed
AU  - Abdelwahed M
AD  - Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine 
      at Hofstra/Northwell, Uniondale, USA.
FAU - Kiran, Nfn
AU  - Kiran N
AD  - Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten 
      Island, USA.
FAU - Geetha, Saroja Devi
AU  - Geetha SD
AD  - Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine 
      at Hofstra/Northwell, Uniondale, USA.
FAU - Laharwani, Hansini
AU  - Laharwani H
AD  - Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. 
      Louis, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20230912
PL  - United States
TA  - Cureus
JT  - Cureus
JID - 101596737
PMC - PMC10569669
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - infections
OT  - monkeypox outbreak
OT  - monkeypox virus
OT  - outbreak and pandemic
OT  - vaccine
COIS- The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2023/10/16 06:48
MHDA- 2023/10/16 06:49
PMCR- 2023/09/12
CRDT- 2023/10/16 04:54
PHST- 2023/09/12 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/10/16 06:49 [medline]
PHST- 2023/10/16 06:48 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/10/16 04:54 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/09/12 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.7759/cureus.45123 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Cureus. 2023 Sep 12;15(9):e45123. doi: 10.7759/cureus.45123. eCollection 2023 
      Sep.