PMID- 37844771 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20231030 LR - 20231116 IS - 1095-9572 (Electronic) IS - 1053-8119 (Linking) VI - 282 DP - 2023 Nov 15 TI - Real-Time Acoustic Simulation Framework for tFUS: A Feasibility Study Using Navigation System. PG - 120411 LID - S1053-8119(23)00562-1 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120411 [doi] AB - Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS), in which acoustic energy is focused on a small region in the brain through the skull, is a non-invasive therapeutic method with high spatial resolution and depth penetration. Image-guided navigation has been widely utilized to visualize the location of acoustic focus in the cranial cavity. However, this system is often inaccurate because of the significant aberrations caused by the skull. Therefore, acoustic simulations using a numerical solver have been widely adopted to compensate for this inaccuracy. Although the simulation can predict the intracranial acoustic pressure field, real-time application during tFUS treatment is almost impossible due to the high computational cost. In this study, we propose a neural network-based real-time acoustic simulation framework and test its feasibility by implementing a simulation-guided navigation (SGN) system. Real-time acoustic simulation is performed using a 3D conditional generative adversarial network (3D-cGAN) model featuring residual blocks and multiple loss functions. This network was trained by the conventional numerical acoustic simulation program (i.e., k-Wave). The SGN system is then implemented by integrating real-time acoustic simulation with a conventional image-guided navigation system. The proposed system can provide simulation results with a frame rate of 5 Hz (i.e., about 0.2 s), including all processing times. In numerical validation (3D-cGAN vs. k-Wave), the average peak intracranial pressure error was 6.8 +/- 5.5%, and the average acoustic focus position error was 5.3 +/- 7.7 mm. In experimental validation using a skull phantom (3D-cGAN vs. actual measurement), the average peak intracranial pressure error was 4.5%, and the average acoustic focus position error was 6.6 mm. These results demonstrate that the SGN system can predict the intracranial acoustic field according to transducer placement in real-time. CI - Copyright (c) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FAU - Park, Tae Young AU - Park TY AD - Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea. FAU - Koh, Heekyung AU - Koh H AD - Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea. FAU - Lee, Wonhye AU - Lee W AD - Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. FAU - Park, So Hee AU - Park SH AD - Department of Neurosurgery, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea. FAU - Chang, Won Seok AU - Chang WS AD - Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 04527, Republic of Korea. FAU - Kim, Hyungmin AU - Kim H AD - Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: hk@kist.re.kr. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20231014 PL - United States TA - Neuroimage JT - NeuroImage JID - 9215515 SB - IM MH - Humans MH - Feasibility Studies MH - *Brain/diagnostic imaging MH - *Skull/diagnostic imaging MH - Computer Simulation MH - Acoustics OTO - NOTNLM OT - Acoustic simulation OT - Generative adversarial network OT - Neuronavigation OT - Real-time simulation OT - Transcranial-focused ultrasound COIS- Declaration of Competing Interest We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome. We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us. We confirm that we have given due consideration to the protection of intellectual property associated with this work and that there are no impediments to publication, including the timing of publication, with respect to intellectual property. In so doing we confirm that we have followed the regulations of our institutions concerning intellectual property. We further confirm that any aspect of the work covered in this manuscript that has involved either experimental animals or human patients has been conducted with the ethical approval of all relevant bodies and that such approvals are acknowledged within the manuscript. We understand that the Corresponding Author is the sole contact for the Editorial process (including Editorial Manager and direct communications with the office). He/she is responsible for communicating with the other authors about progress, submissions of revisions and final approval of proofs. We confirm that we have provided a current, correct email address which is accessible by the Corresponding Author and which has been configured to accept email from hk@kist.re.kr. EDAT- 2023/10/17 00:42 MHDA- 2023/10/30 06:47 CRDT- 2023/10/16 19:23 PHST- 2023/06/04 00:00 [received] PHST- 2023/10/10 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2023/10/13 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2023/10/30 06:47 [medline] PHST- 2023/10/17 00:42 [pubmed] PHST- 2023/10/16 19:23 [entrez] AID - S1053-8119(23)00562-1 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120411 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Neuroimage. 2023 Nov 15;282:120411. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120411. Epub 2023 Oct 14.