PMID- 37860525
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20231021
IS  - 2405-8440 (Print)
IS  - 2405-8440 (Electronic)
IS  - 2405-8440 (Linking)
VI  - 9
IP  - 10
DP  - 2023 Oct
TI  - Passively Q-switching an all polarization-maintaining erbium-doped fiber laser 
      with a rhenium disulfide (ReS(2)) saturable absorber.
PG  - e20678
LID - 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20678 [doi]
LID - e20678
AB  - This study demonstrates a linearly polarized Er-doped fiber laser system 
      featuring an all-polarization-maintaining (all-PM) architecture. Short pulses 
      were generated by Q-switching operation based on drop-casting rhenium disulfide 
      (ReS(2)) saturable absorber (SA) onto a fiber connector placed inside the laser 
      cavity. The Q-switching operation of the laser was able to self-start at a low 
      (23 mW) threshold power of the pump and without the need to use a polarization 
      controller. The proposed laser was able to produce stable pulses with a center 
      wavelength and 3-dB bandwidth of 1558.4 nm and 0.13 nm, respectively. The 
      shortest pulse duration measured (2.8 mus) was achieved at a repetition rate of 
      37.6 kHz while the highest average output power and pulse energy were 2.2 mW and 
      76.5 nJ, respectively. Furthermore, as the cavity of the laser was designed to be 
      all-PM the laser that it produced was linearly polarized and had a degree of 
      polarization (DOP) at the level of 94.5 % and 40 dB polarization extinction ratio 
      (PER). Therefore, the proposed laser is a suitable light source for optical 
      applications in environments that are complex.
CI  - (c) 2023 The Authors.
FAU - Fadhel, Mahmoud Muhanad
AU  - Fadhel MM
AD  - Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of 
      Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 
      43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
FAU - Hamzah, Abdulwahhab Essa
AU  - Hamzah AE
AD  - Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of 
      Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 
      43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
FAU - Abd Aziz, Norazreen
AU  - Abd Aziz N
AD  - Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of 
      Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 
      43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
FAU - Dzulkefly Zan, Mohd Saiful
AU  - Dzulkefly Zan MS
AD  - Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of 
      Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 
      43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
FAU - Arsad, Norhana
AU  - Arsad N
AD  - Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of 
      Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 
      43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20231005
PL  - England
TA  - Heliyon
JT  - Heliyon
JID - 101672560
PMC - PMC10582505
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Fiber laser
OT  - Polarization maintaining
OT  - Q-switching
OT  - Rhenium disulfide
OT  - Saturable absorber
COIS- The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or 
      personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in 
      this paper.
EDAT- 2023/10/20 06:42
MHDA- 2023/10/20 06:43
PMCR- 2023/10/05
CRDT- 2023/10/20 04:34
PHST- 2023/09/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/10/04 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/10/04 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/10/20 06:43 [medline]
PHST- 2023/10/20 06:42 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/10/20 04:34 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/10/05 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S2405-8440(23)07886-6 [pii]
AID - e20678 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20678 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Heliyon. 2023 Oct 5;9(10):e20678. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20678. eCollection 
      2023 Oct.