PMID- 37914977
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20231104
IS  - 2199-1170 (Print)
IS  - 2198-9761 (Electronic)
IS  - 2198-9761 (Linking)
VI  - 9
IP  - 1
DP  - 2023 Nov 2
TI  - Effect of Small and Large Energy Surpluses on Strength, Muscle, and Skinfold 
      Thickness in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Parallel Groups Design.
PG  - 102
LID - 10.1186/s40798-023-00651-y [doi]
LID - 102
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many perform resistance training (RT) to increase muscle mass and 
      strength. Energy surpluses are advised to support such gains; however, if too 
      large, could cause unnecessary fat gain. We randomized 21 trained lifters 
      performing RT 3 d/wk for eight weeks into maintenance energy (MAIN), moderate (5% 
      [MOD]), and high (15% [HIGH]) energy surplus groups to determine if skinfold 
      thicknesses (ST), squat and bench one-repetition maximum (1-RM), or biceps 
      brachii, triceps brachii, or quadriceps muscle thicknesses (MT) differed by 
      group. COVID-19 reduced our sample, leaving 17 completers. Thus, in addition to 
      Bayesian ANCOVA comparisons, we analyzed changes in body mass (BM) with ST, 1-RM, 
      and MT changes via regression. We reported Bayes factors (BF(10)) indicating odds 
      ratios of the relative likelihood of hypotheses (e.g., BF(10) = 2 indicates the 
      hypothesis is twice as likely as another) and coefficients of determination 
      (R(2)) for regressions. RESULTS: ANCOVAs provided no evidence supporting the 
      group model for MT or squat 1-RM. However, moderate (BF(10) = 9.9) and strong 
      evidence (BF(10) = 14.5) indicated HIGH increased bench 1-RM more than MOD and 
      MAIN, respectively. Further, there was moderate evidence (BF(10) = 4.2) HIGH 
      increased ST more than MAIN and weak evidence (BF(10) = 2.4) MOD increased ST 
      more than MAIN. Regression provided strong evidence that BM change predicts ST 
      change (BF(10) = 14.3, R(2) = 0.49) and weak evidence predicting biceps brachii 
      MT change (BF(10) = 1.4, R(2) = 0.24). CONCLUSIONS: While some group-based 
      differences were found, our larger N regression provides the most generalizable 
      evidence. Therefore, we conclude faster rates of BM gain (and by proxy larger 
      surpluses) primarily increase rates of fat gain rather than augmenting 1-RM or 
      MT. However, biceps brachii, the muscle which received the greatest stimulus in 
      this study, may have been positively impacted by greater BM gain, albeit 
      slightly. Our findings are limited to the confines of this study, where a group 
      of lifters with mixed training experience performed moderate volumes 3 d/wk for 
      8 weeks. Thus, future work is needed to evaluate the relationship between BM 
      gains, increases in ST and RT adaptations in other contexts.
CI  - (c) 2023. The Author(s).
FAU - Helms, Eric R
AU  - Helms ER
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4849-9336
AD  - Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of 
      Technology, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand. 
      eric.helms@aut.ac.nz.
AD  - Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health 
      Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA. 
      eric.helms@aut.ac.nz.
FAU - Spence, Alyssa-Joy
AU  - Spence AJ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8769-8525
AD  - Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of 
      Technology, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand.
FAU - Sousa, Colby
AU  - Sousa C
AD  - Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of 
      Technology, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand.
FAU - Kreiger, James
AU  - Kreiger J
AD  - Weightology, LLC, Issaquah, WA, USA.
FAU - Taylor, Steve
AU  - Taylor S
AD  - Steve Taylor RD, Kansas City, MO, USA.
FAU - Oranchuk, Dustin J
AU  - Oranchuk DJ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-4489-9022
AD  - Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of 
      Technology, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand.
FAU - Dieter, Brad P
AU  - Dieter BP
AD  - Macros Inc, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
FAU - Watkins, Casey M
AU  - Watkins CM
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8954-3428
AD  - Department of Kinesiology, Seattle University, Seattle, WA, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - 20,000.00 USD/Legion Athletics/
GR  - 5,000.00 USD/Renaissance Periodization/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20231102
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Sports Med Open
JT  - Sports medicine - open
JID - 101662568
PMC - PMC10620361
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Body composition
OT  - Energy surplus
OT  - Hypertrophy
OT  - Resistance training
COIS- The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
EDAT- 2023/11/02 06:43
MHDA- 2023/11/02 06:44
PMCR- 2023/11/02
CRDT- 2023/11/02 00:41
PHST- 2023/07/20 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/10/16 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/11/02 06:44 [medline]
PHST- 2023/11/02 06:43 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/11/02 00:41 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/11/02 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1186/s40798-023-00651-y [pii]
AID - 651 [pii]
AID - 10.1186/s40798-023-00651-y [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Sports Med Open. 2023 Nov 2;9(1):102. doi: 10.1186/s40798-023-00651-y.