PMID- 37975079 OWN - NLM STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE LR - 20231124 IS - 2251-6581 (Print) IS - 2251-6581 (Electronic) IS - 2251-6581 (Linking) VI - 22 IP - 2 DP - 2023 Dec TI - 'Inequalities in prevalence of hypertension, prehypertension, anti-hypertensive coverage, awareness, and effective treatment in 429 districts of Iran; a population-based STEPS 2016 small area spatial estimation model'. PG - 1095-1103 LID - 10.1007/s40200-023-01186-5 [doi] AB - PURPOSE: While many studies have reported hypertension (HTN) and pre-hypertension (PHTN) in large geographic locations of Iran, information regarding district levels is missing. We aimed to examine inequalities in the prevalence of hypertension, prehypertension, anti-hypertensive coverage, awareness, and effective treatment of adults in districts of Iran. METHODS: We used 27,165 participants' data from the STEPS 2016 study in Iran. A small area estimation model was carried out to predict HTN in the 429 districts of Iran. HTN and PHTN were defined based on the American Heart Association Guideline. Awareness of being hypertensive, treatment coverage, and effective treatment were also estimated. RESULTS: HTN's crude prevalence was estimated to be in the range of 11.5-42.2% in districts. About PHTN, it was estimated to be 19.9-56.1%. Moreover, for awareness, treatment coverage, and effective treatment crude estimates ranged from 24.3 to 79.9%, 9.1 - 64.6%, and 19.5 - 68.3%, respectively, indicating inequalities in the distribution of aforementioned variables in 429 districts of Iran. Overall, better conditions were detected in central geographical locations and in females. CONCLUSION: The inequality of increased blood pressure disorder and related measures are high in districts of Iran and pave the way for policymakers and local health organizers to use the findings of this study to address the inequity of existing resources and improve HTN control. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-023-01186-5. CI - (c) The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Tehran University of Medical Sciences 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. FAU - Mohammadi, Esmaeil AU - Mohammadi E AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9592-2611 AD - Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran. ROR: https://ror.org/01c4pz451. GRID: grid.411705.6. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922 FAU - Yoosefi, Moein AU - Yoosefi M AD - Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran. ROR: https://ror.org/01c4pz451. GRID: grid.411705.6. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922 FAU - Shaker, Elaheh AU - Shaker E AD - Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran. ROR: https://ror.org/01c4pz451. GRID: grid.411705.6. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922 FAU - Shahmohamadi, Elnaz AU - Shahmohamadi E AD - Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran. ROR: https://ror.org/01c4pz451. GRID: grid.411705.6. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922 FAU - Ghasemi, Erfan AU - Ghasemi E AD - Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran. ROR: https://ror.org/01c4pz451. GRID: grid.411705.6. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922 FAU - Ahmadi, Naser AU - Ahmadi N AD - Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran. ROR: https://ror.org/01c4pz451. GRID: grid.411705.6. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922 FAU - Azadnajafabad, Sina AU - Azadnajafabad S AD - Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran. ROR: https://ror.org/01c4pz451. GRID: grid.411705.6. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922 FAU - Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi AU - Rashidi MM AD - Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran. ROR: https://ror.org/01c4pz451. GRID: grid.411705.6. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922 FAU - Rezaei, Nazila AU - Rezaei N AD - Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran. ROR: https://ror.org/01c4pz451. GRID: grid.411705.6. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922 AD - Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ROR: https://ror.org/01c4pz451. GRID: grid.411705.6. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922 FAU - Koolaji, Sogol AU - Koolaji S AD - Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran. ROR: https://ror.org/01c4pz451. GRID: grid.411705.6. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922 FAU - Dilmaghani-Marand, Arezou AU - Dilmaghani-Marand A AD - Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran. ROR: https://ror.org/01c4pz451. GRID: grid.411705.6. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922 AD - Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ROR: https://ror.org/01c4pz451. GRID: grid.411705.6. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922 FAU - Fateh, Sahar Mohammadi AU - Fateh SM AD - Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran. ROR: https://ror.org/01c4pz451. GRID: grid.411705.6. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922 FAU - Kazemi, Ameneh AU - Kazemi A AD - Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran. ROR: https://ror.org/01c4pz451. GRID: grid.411705.6. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922 FAU - Haghshenas, Rosa AU - Haghshenas R AD - Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran. ROR: https://ror.org/01c4pz451. GRID: grid.411705.6. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922 FAU - Rezaei, Negar AU - Rezaei N AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7047-7638 AD - Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran. ROR: https://ror.org/01c4pz451. GRID: grid.411705.6. ISNI: 0000 0001 0166 0922 LA - eng PT - Journal Article DEP - 20230522 PL - Switzerland TA - J Diabetes Metab Disord JT - Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders JID - 101590741 PMC - PMC10638340 OTO - NOTNLM OT - Effective treatment OT - Epidemiology OT - Hypertension OT - STEPS OT - Small area estimation COIS- Competing interestAll authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. EDAT- 2023/11/17 15:26 MHDA- 2023/11/17 15:27 PMCR- 2024/05/22 CRDT- 2023/11/17 03:57 PHST- 2022/09/10 00:00 [received] PHST- 2023/01/10 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2024/05/22 00:00 [pmc-release] PHST- 2023/11/17 15:27 [medline] PHST- 2023/11/17 15:26 [pubmed] PHST- 2023/11/17 03:57 [entrez] AID - 1186 [pii] AID - 10.1007/s40200-023-01186-5 [doi] PST - epublish SO - J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2023 May 22;22(2):1095-1103. doi: 10.1007/s40200-023-01186-5. eCollection 2023 Dec.