PMID- 37998324
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20231127
LR  - 20240210
IS  - 2073-4409 (Electronic)
IS  - 2073-4409 (Linking)
VI  - 12
IP  - 22
DP  - 2023 Nov 8
TI  - Raman Spectroscopy Spectral Fingerprints of Biomarkers of Traumatic Brain Injury.
LID - 10.3390/cells12222589 [doi]
LID - 2589
AB  - Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people of all ages around the 
      globe. TBI is notoriously hard to diagnose at the point of care, resulting in 
      incorrect patient management, avoidable death and disability, long-term 
      neurodegenerative complications, and increased costs. It is vital to develop 
      timely, alternative diagnostics for TBI to assist triage and clinical 
      decision-making, complementary to current techniques such as neuroimaging and 
      cognitive assessment. These could deliver rapid, quantitative TBI detection, by 
      obtaining information on biochemical changes from patient's biofluids. If 
      available, this would reduce mis-triage, save healthcare providers costs (both 
      over- and under-triage are expensive) and improve outcomes by guiding early 
      management. Herein, we utilize Raman spectroscopy-based detection to profile a 
      panel of 18 raw (human, animal, and synthetically derived) TBI-indicative 
      biomarkers (N-acetyl-aspartic acid (NAA), Ganglioside, Glutathione (GSH), Neuron 
      Specific Enolase (NSE), Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP), Ubiquitin 
      C-terminal Hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), Cholesterol, D-Serine, Sphingomyelin, 
      Sulfatides, Cardiolipin, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), S100B, Galactocerebroside, 
      Beta-D-(+)-Glucose, Myo-Inositol, Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Neurofilament Light 
      Chain (NFL)) and their aqueous solution. The subsequently derived unique spectral 
      reference library, exploiting four excitation lasers of 514, 633, 785, and 830 
      nm, will aid the development of rapid, non-destructive, and label-free 
      spectroscopy-based neuro-diagnostic technologies. These biomolecules, released 
      during cellular damage, provide additional means of diagnosing TBI and assessing 
      the severity of injury. The spectroscopic temporal profiles of the studied 
      biofluid neuro-markers are classed according to their acute, sub-acute, and 
      chronic temporal injury phases and we have further generated detailed peak 
      assignment tables for each brain-specific biomolecule within each injury phase. 
      The intensity ratios of significant peaks, yielding the combined unique 
      spectroscopic barcode for each brain-injury marker, are compared to assess 
      variance between lasers, with the smallest variance found for UCHL1 (sigma(2) = 
      0.000164) and the highest for sulfatide (sigma(2) = 0.158). Overall, this work paves 
      the way for defining and setting the most appropriate diagnostic time window for 
      detection following brain injury. Further rapid and specific detection of these 
      biomarkers, from easily accessible biofluids, would not only enable the triage of 
      TBI, predict outcomes, indicate the progress of recovery, and save healthcare 
      providers costs, but also cement the potential of Raman-based spectroscopy as a 
      powerful tool for neurodiagnostics.
FAU - Harris, Georgia
AU  - Harris G
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8826-7057
AD  - Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, School of 
      Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of 
      Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
FAU - Stickland, Clarissa A
AU  - Stickland CA
AD  - Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, School of 
      Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of 
      Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
FAU - Lim, Matthias
AU  - Lim M
AD  - Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, School of 
      Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of 
      Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
FAU - Goldberg Oppenheimer, Pola
AU  - Goldberg Oppenheimer P
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1014-4724
AD  - Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, School of 
      Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of 
      Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
AD  - Institute of Healthcare Technologies, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK.
LA  - eng
GR  - WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
GR  - 174ISSFPP/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
GR  - EP/Y030206/1/ERC_/European Research Council/International
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20231108
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Cells
JT  - Cells
JID - 101600052
RN  - EC 3.4.19.12 (Ubiquitin Thiolesterase)
RN  - 0 (Biomarkers)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Humans
MH  - Spectrum Analysis, Raman
MH  - Ubiquitin Thiolesterase
MH  - *Brain Injuries, Traumatic/diagnosis
MH  - *Brain Injuries/diagnosis
MH  - Biomarkers
PMC - PMC10670390
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Raman spectroscopy
OT  - TBI biomarkers
OT  - acute, sub-acute and chronic phases
OT  - neurodiagnostics
OT  - traumatic brain injury
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2023/11/24 12:42
MHDA- 2023/11/27 12:44
PMCR- 2023/11/08
CRDT- 2023/11/24 09:35
PHST- 2023/10/11 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/11/02 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/11/06 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/11/27 12:44 [medline]
PHST- 2023/11/24 12:42 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/11/24 09:35 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/11/08 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - cells12222589 [pii]
AID - cells-12-02589 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/cells12222589 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Cells. 2023 Nov 8;12(22):2589. doi: 10.3390/cells12222589.