PMID- 38004062
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20231127
LR  - 20231127
IS  - 1648-9144 (Electronic)
IS  - 1010-660X (Print)
IS  - 1010-660X (Linking)
VI  - 59
IP  - 11
DP  - 2023 Nov 16
TI  - Epidemiological, Pathophysiological, and Clinical Considerations on the Interplay 
      between Thyroid Disorders and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
LID - 10.3390/medicina59112013 [doi]
LID - 2013
AB  - Thyroid disorders (TD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are the two endocrinopathies 
      with the highest prevalence in the general population that frequently coexist. 
      Thyroid dysfunction is more common in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) 
      compared to normoglycemic individuals. Untreated TD can impair glycemic control, 
      increasing the risk of diabetes complications. Hyperinsulinemia can affect the 
      morphology of the thyroid gland by promoting the proliferation of thyroid tissue 
      and increasing the size of thyroid nodules. Metformin can confer benefits in both 
      endocrinopathies, while other antidiabetics, such as sulfonylureas, can 
      negatively affect thyroid function. Animal and human observational data suggest 
      an increased risk of medullary thyroid carcinoma after treatment with 
      glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. However, randomized trials have so far 
      been reassuring. Furthermore, some observational studies suggest an association 
      between thyroid cancer and T2DM, especially in women. This narrative review aims 
      to shed light on the epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinical aspects of 
      the interplay between TD and T2DM. Taking into account the important clinical 
      implications of the coexistence of T2DM and TD, proper screening and management 
      strategies are needed for both endocrinopathies to ensure optimal patient care.
FAU - Grigoriadis, Gregory
AU  - Grigoriadis G
AUID- ORCID: 0009-0004-2821-4657
AD  - Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
FAU - Koufakis, Theocharis
AU  - Koufakis T
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5853-1352
AD  - Second Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General 
      Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece.
FAU - Kotsa, Kalliopi
AU  - Kotsa K
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2376-740X
AD  - Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Center, First Department of 
      Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA 
      University Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20231116
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Medicina (Kaunas)
JT  - Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
JID - 9425208
RN  - 0 (Hypoglycemic Agents)
RN  - 9100L32L2N (Metformin)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Humans
MH  - Female
MH  - *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications/epidemiology/drug therapy
MH  - *Thyroid Diseases/complications/epidemiology
MH  - Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
MH  - *Metformin/therapeutic use
PMC - PMC10673571
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - hyperthyroidism
OT  - hypothyroidism
OT  - insulin resistance
OT  - thyroid cancer
OT  - thyroid dysfunction
OT  - type 2 diabetes mellitus
COIS- The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest relevant to the 
      publication of this article.
EDAT- 2023/11/25 12:45
MHDA- 2023/11/27 12:45
PMCR- 2023/11/16
CRDT- 2023/11/25 01:19
PHST- 2023/10/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/11/12 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/11/14 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/11/27 12:45 [medline]
PHST- 2023/11/25 12:45 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/11/25 01:19 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/11/16 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - medicina59112013 [pii]
AID - medicina-59-02013 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/medicina59112013 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Medicina (Kaunas). 2023 Nov 16;59(11):2013. doi: 10.3390/medicina59112013.