PMID- 38036088
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20240126
LR  - 20240206
IS  - 1873-6424 (Electronic)
IS  - 0269-7491 (Linking)
VI  - 342
DP  - 2024 Feb 1
TI  - Assessment of legacy and alternative halogenated organic pollutants in outdoor 
      dust and soil from e-waste sites in Nigeria: Concentrations, patterns, and 
      implications for human exposure.
PG  - 123032
LID - S0269-7491(23)02034-1 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123032 [doi]
AB  - E-waste is often processed informally, particularly in developing countries, 
      resulting in the release of harmful chemicals into the environment. This study 
      investigated the co-occurrence of selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs), 
      including legacy and alternative halogenated flame retardants (10 polybrominated 
      diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), syn and 
      anti-dechlorane plus (DP)), 32 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 12 
      organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), in 20 outdoor dust and 49 soil samples from 7 
      e-waste sites in Nigeria. This study provides the first report on alternative 
      flame retardants (DBDPE and DP) in Nigeria. The total concentration range of the 
      selected classes of compounds was in the order:  summation operator(10)PBDEs 
      (44-12300 ng/g) > DBDPE (4.9-3032 ng/g) >  summation operator(2)DP (0.7-278 ng/g) >  summation operator(32)PCBs 
      (4.9-148 ng/g) >  summation operator(12)OCPs (1.9-25 ng/g) for dust, and DBDPE 
      (4.9-9647 ng/g) >  summation operator(10)PBDEs (90.3-7548 ng/g) >  summation operator(32)PCBs 
      (6.1-5025 ng/g) >  summation operator(12)OCPs (1.9-250 ng/g) >  summation operator(2)DP (2.1-142 ng/g) for soil. 
      PBDEs were the major contributors to POP pollution at e-waste dismantling sites, 
      while PCBs were the most significant contributors at e-waste dumpsites. DBDPE was 
      found to be significantly associated with pollution at both e-waste dismantling 
      and dumpsites. Estimated daily intake (EDI) via dust and soil ingestion and 
      dermal adsorption routes ranged from 1.3 to 2.8 ng/kg bw/day and 0.2-2.9 ng/kg 
      bw/day, respectively. In the worst-case scenario, EDI ranged from 2.9 to 10 ng/kg 
      bw/day and 0.8-5.8 ng/kg bw/day for dust and soil, respectively. The obtained 
      intake levels posed no non-carcinogenic risk, but could increase the incidence of 
      cancer at some of the studied e-waste sites, with values exceeding the USEPA 
      cancer risk lower limit (1.0 x 10(-6)). Overall, our results suggest that e-waste 
      sites act as emission point sources of POPs.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Folarin, Bilikis T
AU  - Folarin BT
AD  - Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, 
      Belgium; Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria; 
      Chemistry Department, Chrisland University, Ogun State, 23409, Nigeria.
FAU - Poma, Giulia
AU  - Poma G
AD  - Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, 
      Belgium.
FAU - Yin, Shanshan
AU  - Yin S
AD  - Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, 
      Belgium; Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang 
      Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, 
      Hangzhou, 310015, China. Electronic address: shanshan.yin@uantwerpen.be.
FAU - Altamirano, Jorgelina C
AU  - Altamirano JC
AD  - Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, 
      Belgium; Instituto Argentino de Nivologia, Glaciologia y Ciencias Ambientales 
      (IANIGLA), CONICET-UNCuyo-Government of Mendoza, P.O. Box. 331, (5500), Mendoza, 
      Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y 
      Naturales, (5500), Mendoza, Argentina.
FAU - Oluseyi, Temilola
AU  - Oluseyi T
AD  - Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria.
FAU - Badru, Gbolahan
AU  - Badru G
AD  - Department of Geographical and Environmental Education, Lagos State University of 
      Education, Oto-Ijanikin, Lagos State, Nigeria.
FAU - Covaci, Adrian
AU  - Covaci A
AD  - Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, 
      Belgium.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20231128
PL  - England
TA  - Environ Pollut
JT  - Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
JID - 8804476
RN  - 0 (Environmental Pollutants)
RN  - DFC2HB4I0K (Polychlorinated Biphenyls)
RN  - 0 (Dust)
RN  - 0 (Flame Retardants)
RN  - 0 (Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers)
RN  - 0 (Soil)
RN  - 0 (Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated)
RN  - 0 (Pesticides)
SB  - IM
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Environmental Pollutants
MH  - *Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis
MH  - Environmental Exposure/analysis
MH  - Dust/analysis
MH  - *Flame Retardants/analysis
MH  - Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/analysis
MH  - Soil
MH  - *Electronic Waste
MH  - Nigeria
MH  - *Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/analysis
MH  - *Pesticides/analysis
MH  - *Neoplasms
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Flame retardants
OT  - Organochlorine pesticides
OT  - Polychlorinated biphenyls
OT  - Sub-Saharan Africa
OT  - e-waste dismantling sites
OT  - e-waste dumpsites
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2023/12/01 00:43
MHDA- 2024/01/26 06:43
CRDT- 2023/11/30 21:55
PHST- 2023/09/15 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/11/10 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/11/21 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2024/01/26 06:43 [medline]
PHST- 2023/12/01 00:43 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/11/30 21:55 [entrez]
AID - S0269-7491(23)02034-1 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123032 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Pollut. 2024 Feb 1;342:123032. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123032. Epub 
      2023 Nov 28.