PMID- 38038740
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20240214
LR  - 20240214
IS  - 1439-6327 (Electronic)
IS  - 1439-6319 (Linking)
VI  - 124
IP  - 2
DP  - 2024 Feb
TI  - Central effects of mouth rinses on endurance and strength performance.
PG  - 403-415
LID - 10.1007/s00421-023-05350-w [doi]
AB  - Rinsing the mouth with a carbohydrate (CHO) solution has been shown to enhance 
      exercise performance while reducing neuromuscular fatigue. This effect is thought 
      to be mediated through the stimulation of oral receptors, which activate brain 
      areas associated with reward, motivation, and motor control. Consequently, 
      corticomotor responsiveness is increased, leading to sustained levels of 
      neuromuscular activity prior to fatigue. In the context of endurance performance, 
      the evidence regarding the central involvement of mouth rinse (MR) in performance 
      improvement is not conclusive. Peripheral mechanisms should not be disregarded, 
      particularly considering factors such as low exercise volume, the participant's 
      fasting state, and the frequency of rinsing. These factors may influence central 
      activations. On the other hand, for strength-related activities, changes in motor 
      evoked potential (MEP) and electromyography (EMG) have been observed, indicating 
      increased corticospinal responsiveness and neuromuscular drive during isometric 
      and isokinetic contractions in both fresh and fatigued muscles. However, it is 
      important to note that in many studies, MEP data were not normalised, making it 
      difficult to exclude peripheral contributions. Voluntary activation (VA), another 
      central measure, often exhibits a lack of changes, mainly due to its high 
      variability, particularly in fatigued muscles. Based on the evidence, MR can 
      attenuate neuromuscular fatigue and improve endurance and strength performance 
      via similar underlying mechanisms. However, the evidence supporting central 
      contribution is weak due to the lack of neurophysiological measures, inaccurate 
      data treatment (normalisation), limited generalisation between exercise modes, 
      methodological biases (ignoring peripheral contribution), and high measurement 
      variability.Trial registration: PROSPERO ID: CRD42021261714.
CI  - (c) 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, 
      part of Springer Nature.
FAU - Tan, Shi Han
AU  - Tan SH
AD  - Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala 
      Lumpur, Malaysia.
FAU - Khong, Teng Keen
AU  - Khong TK
AD  - Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala 
      Lumpur, Malaysia.
FAU - Selvanayagam, Victor S
AU  - Selvanayagam VS
AD  - Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala 
      Lumpur, Malaysia.
FAU - Yusof, Ashril
AU  - Yusof A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8117-6440
AD  - Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala 
      Lumpur, Malaysia. ashril@um.edu.my.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20231201
PL  - Germany
TA  - Eur J Appl Physiol
JT  - European journal of applied physiology
JID - 100954790
RN  - 0 (Mouthwashes)
RN  - 0 (Carbohydrates)
SB  - IM
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Mouthwashes/pharmacology
MH  - *Muscle Fatigue/physiology
MH  - Carbohydrates/pharmacology
MH  - Electromyography
MH  - Exercise/physiology
MH  - Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
MH  - Physical Endurance/physiology
MH  - Evoked Potentials, Motor/physiology
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Brain activation
OT  - Exercise performance
OT  - Mouth wash
OT  - Neurophysiological
OT  - Oral stimulation
EDAT- 2023/12/01 12:42
MHDA- 2024/02/11 07:42
CRDT- 2023/12/01 11:04
PHST- 2023/06/21 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/10/20 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2024/02/11 07:42 [medline]
PHST- 2023/12/01 12:42 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/12/01 11:04 [entrez]
AID - 10.1007/s00421-023-05350-w [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s00421-023-05350-w [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Eur J Appl Physiol. 2024 Feb;124(2):403-415. doi: 10.1007/s00421-023-05350-w. 
      Epub 2023 Dec 1.