PMID- 38053157
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20231208
IS  - 2055-0464 (Print)
IS  - 2055-0464 (Electronic)
IS  - 2055-0464 (Linking)
VI  - 10
IP  - 1
DP  - 2023 Dec 6
TI  - The impact of image and performance enhancing drugs on atrial structure and 
      function in resistance trained individuals.
PG  - 19
LID - 10.1186/s44156-023-00031-y [doi]
LID - 19
AB  - BACKGROUND: Image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs) are commonly used in 
      resistance trained (RT) individuals and negatively impact left ventricular (LV) 
      structure and function. Few studies have investigated the impact of IPEDs on 
      atrial structure and function with no previous studies investigating bi-atrial 
      strain. Additionally, the impact of current use vs. past use of IPEDs is unclear. 
      METHODS: Utilising a cross-sectional design, male (n = 81) and female (n = 15) RT 
      individuals were grouped based on IPED user status: current (n = 57), past 
      (n = 19) and non-users (n = 20). Participants completed IPED questionnaires, 
      anthropometrical measurements, electrocardiography, and transthoracic 
      echocardiography with strain imaging. Structural cardiac data was allometrically 
      scaled to body surface area (BSA) according to laws of geometric similarity. 
      RESULTS: Body mass and BSA were greater in current users than past and non-users 
      of IPEDs (p < 0.01). Absolute left atrial (LA) volume (60 +/- 17 vs 46 +/- 12, 
      p = 0.001) and right atrial (RA) area (19 +/- 4 vs 15 +/- 3, p < 0.001) were greater 
      in current users than non-users but this difference was lost following scaling 
      (p > 0.05). Left atrial reservoir (p = 0.008, p < 0.001) and conduit (p < 0.001, 
      p < 0.001) strain were lower in current users than past and non-users (conduit: 
      current = 22 +/- 6, past = 29 +/- 9 and non-users = 31 +/- 7 and reservoir: 
      current = 33 +/- 8, past = 39 +/- 8, non-users = 42 +/- 8). Right atrial reservoir 
      (p = 0.015) and conduit (p = 0.007) strain were lower in current than non-users 
      (conduit: current = 25 +/- 8, non-users = 33 +/- 10 and reservoir: current = 36 +/- 10, 
      non-users = 44 +/- 13). Current users showed reduced LV diastolic function (A wave: 
      p = 0.022, p = 0.049 and E/A ratio: p = 0.039, p < 0.001) and higher LA stiffness 
      (p = 0.001, p < 0.001) than past and non-users (A wave: current = 0.54 +/- 0.1, 
      past = 0.46 +/- 0.1, non-users = 0.47 +/- 0.09 and E/A ratio: current = 1.5 +/- 0.5, 
      past = 1.8 +/- 0.4, non-users = 1.9 +/- 0.4, LA stiffness: current = 0.21 +/- 0.7, 
      past = 0.15 +/- 0.04, non-users = 0.15 +/- 0.07). CONCLUSION: Resistance trained 
      individuals using IPEDs have bi-atrial enlargement that normalises with 
      allometric scaling, suggesting that increased size is, in part, associated with 
      increased body size. The lower LA and RA reservoir and conduit strain and greater 
      absolute bi-atrial structural parameters in current than non-users of IPEDs 
      suggests pathological adaptation with IPED use, although the similarity in these 
      parameters between past and non-users suggests reversibility of pathological 
      changes with withdrawal.
CI  - (c) 2023. The Author(s).
FAU - Place, Florence
AU  - Place F
AD  - Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores 
      University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
FAU - Carpenter, Harry
AU  - Carpenter H
AD  - Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores 
      University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
FAU - Morrison, Barbara N
AU  - Morrison BN
AD  - School of Human Kinetics, Trinity Western University, Langley, BC, Canada.
FAU - Chester, Neil
AU  - Chester N
AD  - Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores 
      University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
FAU - Cooper, Robert
AU  - Cooper R
AD  - Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores 
      University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
FAU - Stansfield, Ben N
AU  - Stansfield BN
AD  - Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of 
      Arizona, Arizona, USA.
FAU - George, Keith P
AU  - George KP
AD  - Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores 
      University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
FAU - Oxborough, David
AU  - Oxborough D
AD  - Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores 
      University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK. 
      d.l.oxborough@ljmu.ac.uk.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20231206
PL  - England
TA  - Echo Res Pract
JT  - Echo research and practice
JID - 101664713
PMC - PMC10698975
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Echocardiography
OT  - Performance-enhancing drugs
OT  - Resistance training
OT  - Speckle tracking
OT  - Strain
COIS- The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
EDAT- 2023/12/06 03:43
MHDA- 2023/12/06 03:44
PMCR- 2023/12/06
CRDT- 2023/12/05 23:51
PHST- 2023/06/15 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/10/09 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/12/06 03:44 [medline]
PHST- 2023/12/06 03:43 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/12/05 23:51 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/12/06 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1186/s44156-023-00031-y [pii]
AID - 31 [pii]
AID - 10.1186/s44156-023-00031-y [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Echo Res Pract. 2023 Dec 6;10(1):19. doi: 10.1186/s44156-023-00031-y.