PMID- 38131631
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20231225
LR  - 20240102
IS  - 2047-2986 (Electronic)
IS  - 2047-2978 (Print)
IS  - 2047-2978 (Linking)
VI  - 13
DP  - 2023 Dec 22
TI  - Patterns of antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections in 
      under-three-year-old children in India: A cross-sectional study.
PG  - 04159
LID - 10.7189/jogh.13.04159 [doi]
LID - 04159
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite its mostly viral etiology, antibiotics are frequently used to 
      treat acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in children. India is one of the 
      largest global consumers of antibiotics and has one of the highest rates of 
      resistance to antimicrobial treatments. However, the epidemiology of antibiotic 
      treatment among young children in India is poorly understood. METHODS: Using 
      nationally representative household survey data from the Indian National Family 
      Health Surveys (NFHS) conducted between 2015 and 2016 and 2019 and 2021, we 
      estimated the prevalence of antibiotic use among 17 472 children under the age of 
      three who reported ARI symptoms within two weeks before their mothers were 
      interviewed. To assess the factors associated with antibiotic use for the 
      treatment of ARI symptoms, we used multivariable logistic regression models that 
      included sociodemographic, child-related, household, and health care related 
      characteristics, with results reported on the prevalence difference (PD) scale. 
      RESULTS: We estimated that 18.7% (95% CI = 17.8-19.6) of under-three-year-old 
      (U3) children who exhibited ARI symptoms in the two weeks prior to the survey 
      were given antibiotics as a treatment. The highest prevalence was observed in the 
      southern and northern geographic zones of India. Furthermore, multivariable 
      regression models indicated that children with greater access to health services 
      were more likely to receive antibiotics for ARI treatment, regardless of the type 
      of health care facility (public, private or pharmacy/unregulated). Additionally, 
      the prevalence of antibiotic consumption was higher among children from families 
      with religious affiliations other than Muslim and Hindu backgrounds (i.e. 
      Christian, Sikh, Buddhist/neo-Buddhist, Jain, Jewish, Parsi, no religion and 
      other) (PD = 11.7 (95% CI = 6.3-16.7)) compared to Hindu families and among 
      mothers with a secondary or higher education (PD = 5.8 (95% CI = 1.7-9.9)) 
      compared to mothers lacking formal education. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide 
      an important baseline for monitoring the use of antibiotics for the treatment of 
      acute respiratory infections, and for designing interventions to mitigate 
      potential misuse among young children in India.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2023 by the Journal of Global Health. All rights reserved.
FAU - Dorta, Hector Gonzalez
AU  - Dorta HG
FAU - Nandi, Arijit
AU  - Nandi A
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20231222
PL  - Scotland
TA  - J Glob Health
JT  - Journal of global health
JID - 101578780
RN  - 0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents)
SB  - IM
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Child, Preschool
MH  - Infant, Newborn
MH  - Cross-Sectional Studies
MH  - Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
MH  - *Respiratory Tract Infections/drug therapy/epidemiology
MH  - India/epidemiology
MH  - *Pharmaceutical Services
PMC - PMC10740384
COIS- Disclosure of interest: The authors completed the ICMJE Disclosure of Interest 
      Form (available upon request from the corresponding author) and declare the 
      following activities and relationships: HGD declares the potential conflict of 
      interests as co-founder and holder of stock options of Rynd Biotech, a startup 
      company for the rapid detection of sexually transmitted infections. These 
      potential conflicts of interests have not influenced the design, conduct, or 
      reporting of the work presented in this manuscript.
EDAT- 2023/12/22 12:43
MHDA- 2023/12/25 06:42
PMCR- 2023/12/22
CRDT- 2023/12/22 08:13
PHST- 2023/12/25 06:42 [medline]
PHST- 2023/12/22 12:43 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/12/22 08:13 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/12/22 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - jogh-13-04159 [pii]
AID - 10.7189/jogh.13.04159 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - J Glob Health. 2023 Dec 22;13:04159. doi: 10.7189/jogh.13.04159.