PMID- 38182014
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20240214
LR  - 20240214
IS  - 1096-0295 (Electronic)
IS  - 0273-2300 (Linking)
VI  - 147
DP  - 2024 Feb
TI  - Assessment of perfluorocarboxylic acids in fluorinated high-density polyethylene 
      containers and estimation of potential non-cancer risks associated with 
      anticipated use scenarios.
PG  - 105560
LID - S0273-2300(24)00001-1 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105560 [doi]
AB  - High density polyethylene (HDPE) containers are fluorinated to impart barrier 
      properties that prevent permeation of liquid products filled in the container. 
      The process of fluorination may result in the unintentional formation of certain 
      per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), specifically perfluoroalkyl 
      carboxylic acids (PFCAs), as impurities. This study measured the amounts of PFCAs 
      that may be present in the fluorinated HDPE containers, which could migrate into 
      products stored in these containers. Migration studies were also conducted using 
      water and mineral spirits to estimate the amount of PFCAs that might be found in 
      the products stored in these containers. The migration results were used to 
      conservatively model potential PFCA exposures from use of six product types: 
      indoor-sprayed products, floor products, hand-applied products, manually-sprayed 
      pesticides, hose-end sprayed products, and agricultural (industrial) pesticides. 
      The potential that such uses could result in a non-cancer hazard was assessed by 
      comparing the modeled exposures to both applicable human non-cancer toxicity 
      values and environmental screening levels. Environmental releases were also 
      compared to aquatic and terrestrial predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs). 
      The results of these analyses indicated no unreasonable non-cancer risk to 
      humans, aquatic species, and terrestrial species from PFCAs in products stored in 
      fluorinated HDPE containers.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FAU - Racz, LeeAnn
AU  - Racz L
AD  - ToxStrategies LLC, 23501 Cinco Ranch Blvd, Suite B226, Katy, TX, 77494, USA. 
      Electronic address: lracz@toxstrategies.com.
FAU - Gauthier, Alison
AU  - Gauthier A
AD  - ToxStrategies LLC, 23501 Cinco Ranch Blvd, Suite B226, Katy, TX, 77494, USA.
FAU - Bare, Jennifer
AU  - Bare J
AD  - ToxStrategies LLC, 23501 Cinco Ranch Blvd, Suite B226, Katy, TX, 77494, USA.
FAU - Heintz, Melissa
AU  - Heintz M
AD  - ToxStrategies LLC, 31 College Place, Suite B118, Asheville, NC, 28801, USA.
FAU - Feifarek, David
AU  - Feifarek D
AD  - ToxStrategies LLC, 23501 Cinco Ranch Blvd, Suite B226, Katy, TX, 77494, USA.
FAU - Kennedy, Stephanie
AU  - Kennedy S
AD  - ToxStrategies LLC, 31 College Place, Suite B118, Asheville, NC, 28801, USA.
FAU - Panko, Julie
AU  - Panko J
AD  - ToxStrategies LLC, 322 North Shore Drive, Suite 200 - #186, Pittsburgh, PA, 
      15212, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20240104
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Regul Toxicol Pharmacol
JT  - Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP
JID - 8214983
RN  - 9002-88-4 (Polyethylene)
RN  - 0 (Fluorocarbons)
RN  - 0 (Carboxylic Acids)
RN  - 059QF0KO0R (Water)
RN  - 0 (Pesticides)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
SB  - IM
MH  - Humans
MH  - Polyethylene/toxicity
MH  - *Fluorocarbons/toxicity/analysis
MH  - Carboxylic Acids/toxicity/analysis
MH  - Water
MH  - *Pesticides/analysis
MH  - *Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity/analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Fluorinated high-density polyethylene (HDPE) containers
OT  - PFAS
OT  - Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs)
OT  - Predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs)
OT  - Risk assessment
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial 
      interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing 
      interests: LeeAnn Racz, Alison Gauthier, Jennifer Bare, Melissa Heintz, David 
      Feifarek, Stephanie Kennedy, Julie Panko reports financial support was provided 
      by Inhance Technologies LLC.
EDAT- 2024/01/06 10:42
MHDA- 2024/02/08 18:42
CRDT- 2024/01/05 19:21
PHST- 2023/10/09 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/12/08 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2024/01/03 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2024/02/08 18:42 [medline]
PHST- 2024/01/06 10:42 [pubmed]
PHST- 2024/01/05 19:21 [entrez]
AID - S0273-2300(24)00001-1 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105560 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2024 Feb;147:105560. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105560. 
      Epub 2024 Jan 4.