PMID- 38191759
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20240108
IS  - 1559-0720 (Electronic)
IS  - 0163-4984 (Linking)
DP  - 2024 Jan 8
TI  - Concentration of Heavy Metals in Traditional and Industrial Fruit Juices from 
      Iran: Probabilistic Risk Assessment Study.
LID - 10.1007/s12011-023-04049-5 [doi]
AB  - Exposure to heavy metals can endanger the health of exposed people in the long 
      term. The consumption of fruit juice is increasing; it is important to estimate 
      the health risk of consumers due to heavy metals. The current study was carried 
      out for the analysis of toxic metals (lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd)) 
      and essential elements (copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn)) in 60 samples of traditional 
      and industrial fruit juices (10 samples of different brands of apple, orange, 
      grape, peach, mango, and pineapple) in Hamadan, West Iran, using inductivity 
      coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) method. The validation 
      protocol included precision of the analytical method; recovery, the determination 
      of the limit of detection (LOD), the limit of quantification (LOQ), and linearity 
      were measured. Moreover, risk assessment was detected using target hazard 
      quotient (THQ) and cancer risk (CR) by the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) model. 
      The ranking of metal concentration in traditional and industrial fruit juices was 
      Zn > Cu > As > Pb > Cd. In all samples, concentrations of heavy metals in 
      industrial fruit juices were higher than traditional fruit juices p <  < 0.001. 
      The level of metals in all samples was lower of the US Environmental Protection 
      Agency (USEPA), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Iran Standard (IS) 
      permissible limit set for drinking water. In terms of non-carcinogenic, values of 
      toxic elements for children and adult in traditional and industrial fruit juices 
      were 1.6E-3 and 1.72E-3 and 2.6E-3 and 1.85E-3, respectively. The 95th percentile 
      of CR in adults and children due to both industrial and traditional fruits juices 
      was higher than 1E-6; hence, reducing the concentration of As in fruit juices 
      should be conducted. Consumption of fruit juice can increase carcinogenic risk of 
      consumers. Therefore, it is recommended to consume it with caution.
CI  - (c) 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business 
      Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
FAU - Mehri, Fereshteh
AU  - Mehri F
AD  - Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 
      Hamadan, Iran.
FAU - Heshmati, Ali
AU  - Heshmati A
AD  - Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 
      Hamadan, Iran. ali_heshmaati@yahoo.com.
FAU - Ghane, Elaheh Talebi
AU  - Ghane ET
AD  - Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of 
      Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
FAU - Mahmudiono, Trias
AU  - Mahmudiono T
AD  - Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. 
      Mulyorejo Kampus C, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.
FAU - Fakhri, Yadolah
AU  - Fakhri Y
AD  - Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar 
      Abbas, Iran.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20240108
PL  - United States
TA  - Biol Trace Elem Res
JT  - Biological trace element research
JID - 7911509
SB  - IM
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Food safety
OT  - Fruit juices
OT  - Health risk
OT  - ICP-OES
OT  - Metal
EDAT- 2024/01/09 00:42
MHDA- 2024/01/09 00:42
CRDT- 2024/01/08 23:57
PHST- 2023/10/30 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/12/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2024/01/09 00:42 [medline]
PHST- 2024/01/09 00:42 [pubmed]
PHST- 2024/01/08 23:57 [entrez]
AID - 10.1007/s12011-023-04049-5 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s12011-023-04049-5 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - Biol Trace Elem Res. 2024 Jan 8. doi: 10.1007/s12011-023-04049-5.