PMID- 38226099
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20240117
IS  - 2168-8184 (Print)
IS  - 2168-8184 (Electronic)
IS  - 2168-8184 (Linking)
VI  - 15
IP  - 12
DP  - 2023 Dec
TI  - Clinical and Histopathologic Predictors of Survival Among Children With 
      Retinoblastoma From Two Tertiary Health Facilities in Uganda.
PG  - e50605
LID - 10.7759/cureus.50605 [doi]
LID - e50605
AB  - BACKGROUND: Retinoblastoma (RB) is a malignant tumour that develops from the 
      immature cells of the retina. It is the most frequent type of paediatric 
      intraocular cancer and is curable. Clinical and histological findings after 
      enucleation of the affected eye dictate not only the patient's secondary care but 
      also their prognosis. We assessed the clinical and histopathologic predictors of 
      survival among children with RB from two tertiary health facilities in Uganda. 
      METHODS: This retrospective research utilized archived formalin fixed and 
      paraffin-embedded blocks of eye specimens enucleated between 2014 and 2016 at 
      Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST) Pathology Department and 
      Ruharo Eye Centre (REC) in Mbarara, Uganda. The specimens were then processed and 
      stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The confirmation of RB was made to include 
      the histologic stage and features of the tumor. Biographic data of the patients 
      and clinical features, such as leukocoria, proptosis, phthisis, staphyloma and 
      buphthalmos, were retrieved from the records. RESULTS: Males (55.1%, n=43) 
      dominated the study population (N=78). The median age was 31 months. The most 
      common clinical sign was leukocoria (69.2%, n=52), and the most predominant 
      histopathological stage was stage 1 (41%, n=32). Optic nerve (ON) invasion was 
      seen in 38.5% (n=30), choroidal invasion in 29.5% (n=23), scleral invasion in 
      7.7% (n=6) and orbital extension in 16.7% (n=13) of the cases. 
      Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes were seen in 34.6% (n=27). Necrosis was a 
      prominent feature (71.8%, n=56). The two-year survival was estimated to be 61.5% 
      (n=48). Leukocoria (risk ratio (RR) 1.1), female gender (RR 1.4), intralaminar ON 
      invasion (RR 7.6) and a lack of orbital extension (RR 7) were significant 
      predictors of survival. CONCLUSION: Leukocoria and proptosis are noticeable 
      clinical signs of RB. Most patients present while in stage one although stage 
      four presentation is also common. Leukocoria, ON invasion, orbital extension and 
      gender are significant factors predictive of survival in patients with RB.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2023, Atwine et al.
FAU - Atwine, Raymond
AU  - Atwine R
AD  - Pathology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, UGA.
FAU - Laffita, Damaris
AU  - Laffita D
AD  - Pathology, Angel Arturo Aballi Hospital, Havana, CUB.
FAU - Birungi, Abraham
AU  - Birungi A
AD  - Pathology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, UGA.
FAU - Kiconco, Ritah
AU  - Kiconco R
AD  - Biochemistry, Soroti University, Soroti, UGA.
AD  - Medical Laboratory Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, 
      Mbarara, UGA.
FAU - Waddell, Keith
AU  - Waddell K
AD  - Ophthalmology, Ruharo Eye Centre, Mbarara, UGA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20231215
PL  - United States
TA  - Cureus
JT  - Cureus
JID - 101596737
PMC - PMC10788691
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - children
OT  - clinical features
OT  - features
OT  - histology
OT  - pathological
OT  - predictors
OT  - retinoblastoma
OT  - survival
OT  - uganda
COIS- The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2024/01/16 06:41
MHDA- 2024/01/16 06:42
PMCR- 2023/12/15
CRDT- 2024/01/16 03:40
PHST- 2023/12/15 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2024/01/16 06:42 [medline]
PHST- 2024/01/16 06:41 [pubmed]
PHST- 2024/01/16 03:40 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/12/15 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.7759/cureus.50605 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Cureus. 2023 Dec 15;15(12):e50605. doi: 10.7759/cureus.50605. eCollection 2023 
      Dec.