PMID- 38239933
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20240121
IS  - 2673-3080 (Electronic)
IS  - 2673-3080 (Linking)
VI  - 5
DP  - 2023
TI  - Phenolic compounds occurrence and human health risk assessment in potable and 
      treated waters in Western Cape, South Africa.
PG  - 1269601
LID - 10.3389/ftox.2023.1269601 [doi]
LID - 1269601
AB  - Phenolic pollutants from industrial and agricultural activities pose a major 
      threat to the world's potable water supply. The persistent micro-pollutants often 
      find their way into drinking water sources with possible adverse human health 
      implications. In this study, bottled water, tap water, and wastewater treatment 
      plant (WWTP) effluent samples from the Boland region of the Western Cape, South 
      Africa were assessed to determine 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol 
      (2,4-DCP) levels using HPLC/DAD instrumentation. The selected area is known for 
      its vast agricultural ventures and wineries. Evaluation of the human health risk 
      (cancer risk) for the pollutants was conducted using the hazard quotient (HQ). 
      The Ames mutagenicity test was also conducted using the Salmonella typhimurium 
      T98 and T100 strains and the S9 activation enzyme. Trace levels of the phenolics 
      were detected in the samples with a range of 9.32 x 10(-7)-1.15 x 10(-4) mg/L 
      obtained for 4-CP, and 8.80 x 10(-7)-1.72 x 10(-4) mg/L recorded for 2,4-DCP. 
      Both compounds had levels below the limit of 0.01 mg/L prescribed by South 
      African legislation. The assessed HQ for the phenolic concentrations indicates a 
      low level of potential ecological risk and none of the samples had a cancer risk 
      value that exceeded the regulatory limit. The possibility of the analyzed samples 
      causing cancer is unlikely, but non-carcinogenic adverse effects were found. 
      Strong mutagenicity was observed for the T98 strains with a potential ability to 
      cause mutation toward the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide. The T100 
      bacterial strain showed very slight mutagenicity potential, however, it is 
      unlikely to cause any mutation. The levels of phenolics in the potable water 
      samples may pose a significant threat to human health. Hence, screening 
      persistent organic chemicals in potable water sources and evaluating their 
      potential human health effects is pertinent to prevent associated health 
      challenges.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2024 Mhlongo, Akharame, Pereao, Human and Opeolu.
FAU - Mhlongo, Nkosiyenzile Londiwe
AU  - Mhlongo NL
AD  - Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Cape Peninsula University 
      of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa.
FAU - Akharame, Michael Ovbare
AU  - Akharame MO
AD  - Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, University of Benin, 
      Benin-City, Nigeria.
FAU - Pereao, Omoniyi
AU  - Pereao O
AD  - Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Cape Peninsula University 
      of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa.
FAU - Human, Izanne Susan
AU  - Human IS
AD  - Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Cape Peninsula University 
      of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa.
FAU - Opeolu, Beatrice Olutoyin
AU  - Opeolu BO
AD  - Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Research Group, Cape Peninsula University 
      of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20240104
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Front Toxicol
JT  - Frontiers in toxicology
JID - 101777990
PMC - PMC10794607
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - 2,4-dichlorophenol
OT  - 4-chlorophenol
OT  - human health risk
OT  - mutagenicity
OT  - potable water
OT  - risk assessment
OT  - wastewater
COIS- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any 
      commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential 
      conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2024/01/19 06:42
MHDA- 2024/01/19 06:43
PMCR- 2024/01/04
CRDT- 2024/01/19 03:49
PHST- 2023/07/30 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/11/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2024/01/19 06:43 [medline]
PHST- 2024/01/19 06:42 [pubmed]
PHST- 2024/01/19 03:49 [entrez]
PHST- 2024/01/04 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 1269601 [pii]
AID - 10.3389/ftox.2023.1269601 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Toxicol. 2024 Jan 4;5:1269601. doi: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1269601. eCollection 
      2023.