PMID- 38251022
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20240129
IS  - 2305-6304 (Electronic)
IS  - 2305-6304 (Linking)
VI  - 12
IP  - 1
DP  - 2024 Jan 13
TI  - Real-Time Exposure to 3D-Printing Emissions Elicits Metabolic and 
      Pro-Inflammatory Responses in Human Airway Epithelial Cells.
LID - 10.3390/toxics12010067 [doi]
LID - 67
AB  - Three-dimensional (3D) printer usage in household and school settings has raised 
      health concerns regarding chemical and particle emission exposures during 
      operation. Although the composition of 3D printer emissions varies depending on 
      printer settings and materials, little is known about the impact that emissions 
      from different filament types may have on respiratory health and underlying 
      cellular mechanisms. In this study, we used an in vitro exposure chamber system 
      to deliver emissions from two popular 3D-printing filament types, acrylonitrile 
      butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA), directly to human small airway 
      epithelial cells (SAEC) cultured in an air-liquid interface during 3D printer 
      operation. Using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and an optical 
      particle sizer (OPS), we monitored 3D printer particulate matter (PM) emissions 
      in terms of their particle size distribution, concentrations, and calculated 
      deposited doses. Elemental composition of ABS and PLA emissions was assessed 
      using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray 
      spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Finally, we compared the effects of emission exposure on 
      cell viability, inflammation, and metabolism in SAEC. Our results reveal that, 
      although ABS filaments emitted a higher total concentration of particles and PLA 
      filaments emitted a higher concentration of smaller particles, SAEC were exposed 
      to similar deposited doses of particles for each filament type. Conversely, ABS 
      and PLA emissions had distinct elemental compositions, which were likely 
      responsible for differential effects on SAEC viability, oxidative stress, release 
      of inflammatory mediators, and changes in cellular metabolism. Specifically, 
      while ABS- and PLA-emitted particles both reduced cellular viability and total 
      glutathione levels in SAEC, ABS emissions had a significantly greater effect on 
      glutathione relative to PLA emissions. Additionally, pro-inflammatory cytokines 
      including IL-1beta, MMP-9, and RANTES were significantly increased due to ABS 
      emissions exposure. While IL-6 and IL-8 were stimulated in both exposure 
      scenarios, VEGF was exclusively increased due to PLA emissions exposures. 
      Notably, ABS emissions induced metabolic perturbation on amino acids and energy 
      metabolism, as well as redox-regulated pathways including arginine, methionine, 
      cysteine, and vitamin B3 metabolism, whereas PLA emissions exposures caused fatty 
      acid and carnitine dysregulation. Taken together, these results advance our 
      mechanistic understanding of 3D-printer-emissions-induced respiratory toxicity 
      and highlight the role that filament emission properties may play in mediating 
      different respiratory outcomes.
FAU - He, Xiaojia
AU  - He X
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8274-5564
AD  - Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, 
      USA.
FAU - Barnett, Lillie Marie
AU  - Barnett LM
AD  - Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, 
      USA.
FAU - Jeon, Jennifer
AU  - Jeon J
AD  - Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, 
      USA.
FAU - Zhang, Qian
AU  - Zhang Q
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5004-3058
AD  - Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, 
      USA.
FAU - Alqahtani, Saeed
AU  - Alqahtani S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9959-9732
AD  - School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
AD  - Advanced Diagnostic and Therapeutics Technologies Institute, Health Sector, King 
      Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia.
FAU - Black, Marilyn
AU  - Black M
AD  - Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, 
      USA.
FAU - Shannahan, Jonathan
AU  - Shannahan J
AD  - School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
FAU - Wright, Christa
AU  - Wright C
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5950-9026
AD  - Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, 
      USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20240113
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Toxics
JT  - Toxics
JID - 101639637
PMC - PMC10818734
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - 3D printing
OT  - ABS
OT  - ALI
OT  - PLA
OT  - airway epithelial cells
OT  - in vitro toxicity
OT  - inflammation
OT  - metabolomics
COIS- The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
EDAT- 2024/01/22 06:43
MHDA- 2024/01/22 06:44
PMCR- 2024/01/13
CRDT- 2024/01/22 05:38
PHST- 2023/12/18 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2024/01/05 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2024/01/09 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2024/01/22 06:44 [medline]
PHST- 2024/01/22 06:43 [pubmed]
PHST- 2024/01/22 05:38 [entrez]
PHST- 2024/01/13 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - toxics12010067 [pii]
AID - toxics-12-00067 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/toxics12010067 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Toxics. 2024 Jan 13;12(1):67. doi: 10.3390/toxics12010067.