PMID- 38255202
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20240128
IS  - 2227-9059 (Print)
IS  - 2227-9059 (Electronic)
IS  - 2227-9059 (Linking)
VI  - 12
IP  - 1
DP  - 2024 Jan 2
TI  - A Closer Look at the Perivascular Unit in the Development of Enlarged 
      Perivascular Spaces in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
LID - 10.3390/biomedicines12010096 [doi]
LID - 96
AB  - The recently described perivascular unit (PVU) resides immediately adjacent to 
      the true capillary neurovascular unit (NVU) in the postcapillary venule and 
      contains the normal-benign perivascular spaces (PVS) and pathological enlarged 
      perivascular spaces (EPVS). The PVS are important in that they have recently been 
      identified to be the construct and the conduit responsible for the delivery of 
      metabolic waste from the interstitial fluid to the ventricular cerebrospinal 
      fluid for disposal into the systemic circulation, termed the glymphatic system. 
      Importantly, the outermost boundary of the PVS is lined by protoplasmic 
      perivascular astrocyte endfeet (pvACef) that communicate with regional neurons. 
      As compared to the well-recognized and described neurovascular unit (NVU) and NVU 
      coupling, the PVU is less well understood and remains an emerging concept. The 
      primary focus of this narrative review is to compare the similarities and 
      differences between these two units and discuss each of their structural and 
      functional relationships and how they relate not only to brain homeostasis but 
      also how they may relate to the development of multiple clinical neurological 
      disease states and specifically how they may relate to obesity, metabolic 
      syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Additionally, the concept and importance 
      of a perisynaptic astrocyte coupling to the neuronal synapses with pre- and 
      postsynaptic neurons will also be considered as a perisynaptic unit to provide 
      for the creation of the information transfer in the brain via synaptic 
      transmission and brain homeostasis. Multiple electron microscopic images and 
      illustrations will be utilized in order to help explain these complex units.
FAU - Hayden, Melvin R
AU  - Hayden MR
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5178-4245
AD  - Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Diabetes 
      and Cardiovascular Disease Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One 
      Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20240102
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Biomedicines
JT  - Biomedicines
JID - 101691304
PMC - PMC10813073
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - enlarged perivascular spaces
OT  - glymphatic system
OT  - metabolic syndrome
OT  - neurovascular unit
OT  - obesity
OT  - perivascular space
OT  - perivascular unit
OT  - postcapillary venules
OT  - precapillary arterioles
OT  - type 2 diabetes mellitus
COIS- The author declares no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2024/01/23 06:43
MHDA- 2024/01/23 06:44
PMCR- 2024/01/02
CRDT- 2024/01/23 01:06
PHST- 2023/12/10 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/12/28 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/12/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2024/01/23 06:44 [medline]
PHST- 2024/01/23 06:43 [pubmed]
PHST- 2024/01/23 01:06 [entrez]
PHST- 2024/01/02 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - biomedicines12010096 [pii]
AID - biomedicines-12-00096 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/biomedicines12010096 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Biomedicines. 2024 Jan 2;12(1):96. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12010096.