PMID- 38258176
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20240129
IS  - 2072-666X (Print)
IS  - 2072-666X (Electronic)
IS  - 2072-666X (Linking)
VI  - 15
IP  - 1
DP  - 2023 Dec 27
TI  - Multi-Objective Optimization of a Long-Stroke Moving-Iron Proportional Solenoid 
      Actuator.
LID - 10.3390/mi15010058 [doi]
LID - 58
AB  - In this study, the performance of a long-stroke moving-iron proportional solenoid 
      actuator (MPSA) was improved by combining numerical simulations and experiments. 
      A finite element model of the MPSA was developed; its maximum and mean relative 
      absolute errors of electromagnetic force were 4.3% and 2.3%, respectively, under 
      typical work conditions. Seven design parameters including the cone angle, cone 
      length, depth of the inner hole of the coil skeleton, cone width of the armature, 
      inner cone diameter, and initial position of the moving-iron core were selected 
      for developing the model, and the coefficient of the variation in electromagnetic 
      force, nominal acceleration, 95% of the maximum stable output electromagnetic 
      force, and corresponding response time were used as the performance indicators. 
      The constraint relation between each performance indicator and the influence of 
      each design parameter on the performance indicators were revealed using the 
      uniform Latin hypercube experiment design, correlation analysis, and the main 
      effect analysis method. A multi-objective optimization mathematical model of the 
      MPSA was developed by combining traditional surrogate and machine learning 
      models. The Pareto solution set was obtained using the nondominated sorting 
      genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II), and three decision schemes with different 
      attitudes were determined using the Hurwicz multi-criteria decision-making 
      method. The results showed that a strong contradiction exists among the 95% of 
      the maximum stable output electromagnetic force and its corresponding response 
      time and the coefficient of the variation in electromagnetic force. The cone 
      angle considerably influenced the performance indicators. Compared with the 
      initial design, the coefficient of the variation in electromagnetic force was 
      reduced by 54.08% for the positive decision, the corresponding response time was 
      shortened by 15.65% for the critical decision, and the corresponding acceleration 
      was enhanced by 10.32% for the passive decision. Thus, the overall performance of 
      the long-stroke MPSA effectively improved.
FAU - Liu, Peng
AU  - Liu P
AD  - College of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Changsha University of Science 
      & Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
FAU - Ouyang, Yuwen
AU  - Ouyang Y
AD  - College of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Changsha University of Science 
      & Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
FAU - Quan, Wenwen
AU  - Quan W
AD  - College of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Changsha University of Science 
      & Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
LA  - eng
GR  - 52001032/National Natural Science Foundation of China/
GR  - 2021JJ40588/Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China/
GR  - QCCK2020-008/Vehicle Measurement, Control and Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan 
      Province of China/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20231227
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Micromachines (Basel)
JT  - Micromachines
JID - 101640903
PMC - PMC10818690
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - correlation analysis
OT  - main effect analysis
OT  - multi-criteria decision-making
OT  - multi-objective optimization
OT  - solenoid actuator
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2024/01/23 06:44
MHDA- 2024/01/23 06:45
PMCR- 2023/12/27
CRDT- 2024/01/23 01:25
PHST- 2023/11/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/12/19 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/12/25 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2024/01/23 06:45 [medline]
PHST- 2024/01/23 06:44 [pubmed]
PHST- 2024/01/23 01:25 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/12/27 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - mi15010058 [pii]
AID - micromachines-15-00058 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/mi15010058 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Micromachines (Basel). 2023 Dec 27;15(1):58. doi: 10.3390/mi15010058.