PMID- 38262318 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20240214 LR - 20240214 IS - 1873-3336 (Electronic) IS - 0304-3894 (Linking) VI - 466 DP - 2024 Mar 15 TI - Global environmental and toxicological impacts of polybrominated diphenyl ethers versus organophosphate esters: A comparative analysis and regrettable substitution dilemma. PG - 133543 LID - S0304-3894(24)00122-5 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133543 [doi] AB - The prevalence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the global environment is increasing, which aligns with the decline in the usage of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). PBDEs, a category of flame retardants, were banned and classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) through the Stockholm Convention due to their toxic and persistent properties. Despite a lack of comprehensive understanding of their ecological and health consequences, OPEs were adopted as replacements for PBDEs. This research aims to offer a comparative assessment of PBDEs and OPEs in various domains, specifically focusing on their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT) properties. This study explored physicochemical properties (such as molecular weight, octanol-water partition coefficient, octanol-air partition coefficient, Henry's law constant, and vapor pressures), environmental behaviors, global concentrations in environmental matrices (air, water, and soil), toxicities, bioaccumulation, and trophic transfer mechanisms of both groups of compounds. Based on the comparison and analysis of environmental and toxicological data, we evaluate whether OPEs represent another instance of regrettable substitution and global contamination as much as PBDEs. Our findings indicate that the physical and chemical characteristics, environmental behaviors, and global concentrations of PBDEs and OPEs, are similar and overlap in many instances. Notably, OPE concentrations have even surged by orders of several magnitude compared to PBDEs in certain pristine regions like the Arctic and Antarctic, implying long-range transport. In many instances, air and water concentrations of OPEs have been increased than PBDEs. While the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of PBDEs (ranging from 4.8 to 7.5) are slightly elevated compared to OPEs (-0.5 to 5.36) in aquatic environments, both groups of compounds exhibit BAF values beyond the threshold of 5000 L/kg (log10 BAF > 3.7). Similarly, the trophic magnification factors (TMFs) for PBDEs (ranging from 0.39 to 4.44) slightly surpass those for OPEs (ranging from 1.06 to 3.5) in all cases. Metabolic biotransformation rates (LogK(M)) and hydrophobicity are potentially major factors deciding their trophic magnification potential. However, many compounds of PBDEs and OPEs show TMF values higher than 1, indicating biomagnification potential. Collectively, all data suggest that PBDEs and OPEs have the potential to bioaccumulate and transfer through the food chain. OPEs and PBDEs present a myriad of toxicity endpoints, with notable overlaps encompassing reproductive issues, oxidative stress, developmental defects, liver dysfunction, DNA damage, neurological toxicity, reproductive anomalies, carcinogenic effects, and behavior changes. Based on our investigation and comparative analysis, we conclude that substituting PBDEs with OPEs is regrettable based on PBT properties, underscoring the urgency for policy reforms and effective management strategies. Addressing this predicament before an exacerbation of global contamination is imperative. CI - Copyright (c) 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. FAU - Qadeer, Abdul AU - Qadeer A AD - State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, China. Electronic address: Dr.AQ.Geographer@gmail.com. FAU - Mubeen, Sidra AU - Mubeen S AD - State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, China; Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan. FAU - Liu, Mengyang AU - Liu M AD - State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong SAR China. FAU - Bekele, Tadiyose Girma AU - Bekele TG AD - Department of Biology, Eastern Nazarene College, 23 East Elm Avenue, Quincy, MA 02170, USA. FAU - Ohoro, Chinemerem R AU - Ohoro CR AD - Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North, West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa. FAU - Adeniji, Abiodun O AU - Adeniji AO AD - Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Lesotho, Lesotho. FAU - Alraih, Alhafez M AU - Alraih AM AD - Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Mohail Aseer, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia. FAU - Ajmal, Zeeshan AU - Ajmal Z AD - College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, PR China. FAU - Alshammari, Ahmad S AU - Alshammari AS AD - King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia. FAU - Al-Hadeethi, Yas AU - Al-Hadeethi Y AD - Physics Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. FAU - Archundia, Denisse AU - Archundia D AD - Instituto de Geologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Coyoacan, CDMX, Mexico 04510, Mexico. FAU - Yuan, Shengwu AU - Yuan S AD - State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, China. FAU - Jiang, Xia AU - Jiang X AD - State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, China. Electronic address: jiangxia@craes.org.cn. FAU - Wang, Shuhang AU - Wang S AD - State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, China. Electronic address: wangsh@craes.org.cn. FAU - Li, Xixi AU - Li X AD - State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, China. Electronic address: xixi.li@mun.ca. FAU - Sauve, Sebastien AU - Sauve S AD - Department of Chemistry, Universite de Montreal, Campus MIL, 1375 Av. Therese-Lavoie-Roux, Montreal H2V 0B3, QC, Canada. LA - eng PT - Journal Article DEP - 20240117 PL - Netherlands TA - J Hazard Mater JT - Journal of hazardous materials JID - 9422688 RN - 0 (Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers) RN - 0 (Organophosphates) RN - 059QF0KO0R (Water) RN - 0 (Flame Retardants) RN - 0 (Octanols) RN - 0 (Esters) SB - IM MH - *Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/toxicity/analysis MH - Environmental Monitoring MH - Organophosphates/analysis MH - Water/analysis MH - *Flame Retardants/toxicity/analysis MH - Octanols MH - Esters/toxicity OTO - NOTNLM OT - Bioaccumulative OT - Contaminant Fate OT - Flame Retardants OT - Persistent OT - Toxic COIS- Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. EDAT- 2024/01/24 00:42 MHDA- 2024/02/14 12:49 CRDT- 2024/01/23 18:12 PHST- 2023/09/26 00:00 [received] PHST- 2024/01/13 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2024/01/15 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2024/02/14 12:49 [medline] PHST- 2024/01/24 00:42 [pubmed] PHST- 2024/01/23 18:12 [entrez] AID - S0304-3894(24)00122-5 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133543 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - J Hazard Mater. 2024 Mar 15;466:133543. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133543. Epub 2024 Jan 17.